In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:

163 Notes CHAPTER 1 1. Becker, 1963; Lemert, 1951. 2. Poverty was romanticized and street youth heroized by the prolific writer Horatio Alger Jr. (1832–1899). The youths portrayed in his novels lived in urban centers such as New York and Philadelphia. They struggled successfully against adversity and ultimately gained fame and great wealth, the classic “rags to riches” story. 3. Ryan, 1976. 4. Loue, Cooper, and Fiedler, 2003a, b; Loue et al., 2004. 5. Kessler et al., 1994. 6. Cournos et al., 1991; Cournos et al., 1994; Empfield et al., 1993; Meyer, Cournos, et al., 1993; Meyer, McKinnon, et al., 1993; Sacks et al., 1992; SchwartzWatts , Montgomery, and Morgan, 1995; Silberstein et al., 1994; Stewart, Zuckerman, and Ingle, 1994; Susser, Valencia, and Conover, 1993; Volavka et al., 1991. 7. McQuillan et al., 1997; Steele, 1994. 8. Cournos and McKinnon, 1997, p. 267. 9. Carey, Carey, and Kalichman, 1997; Carey, Carey, Weinhardt, and Gordon, 1997a. 10. Hanson et al., 1992; Kelly et al., 1992. 11. Laumann et al., 1994. 12. Knox et al., 1994; Steiner, Lussier, and Rosenblatt, 1992. 13. Kalichman et al., 1994; McKinnon et al., 1996. 14. Carey, Carey, Weinhardt, and Gordon, 1997a. 15. Aruffo et al., 1990; Carey, Carey, Weinhardt, and Gordon, 1997a; Kelly et al., 1992; Kelly et al., 1995; Knox et al., 1994; McKinnon et al., 1996; McDermott et al., 1994; Otto-Salaj et al., 1998; Sacks et al., 1992; Steiner, Lussier, and Rosenblatt, 1992; Katz, Watts, and Santman, 1994. 16. Katz, Watts, and Santman, 1994. 17. Gearon and Bellack, 1999. 18. Hatters-Friedman and Loue, 2007. 19. Weinhardt, Carey, and Carey, 1998. 20. Brabin, 2001; Hladik and Hope, 2009; Nicolosi et al., 1994; Padian et al., 1997. 21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008. 22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009. 23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006. 24. Anderson and Smith, 2005. 25. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006. 26. Cleveland Department of Public Health, 2006, 2007, 2008. 27. The samples were drawn to be consistent with counties used for planning purposes by the Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency Act (C.A.R.E.), Pub. L. 101-381, 104 Stat. 576, which was passed by Congress on August 18, 1990. The legislation established a federally funded program 164 Notes to Pages 6–24 intended to provide medical care for low income, uninsured, and underinsured HIV-infected individuals and a variety of health-care-related services for them and their families. It is considered to be a payer of last resort. The legislation was named in honor of a child with hemophilia who contracted HIV in 1984 as the result of a transfusion with HIVcontaminated blood. He was expelled from his school after it was learned that he was infected with HIV. Until his death in 1990, he advocated for AIDS research and awareness. Minorities often face multiple barriers in their attempts to obtain services through HIV/AIDS programs. For a complete discussion of these issues, see U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2009. 28. Information pertaining to the purpose and scope of certificates of confidentiality and the application procedure can be obtained through the website of the National Institutes of Health at grants/ noh.gov/grants/policy/coc/. 29. Sobell et al., 1987. 30. Morrissey and Dennis, 1990. 31. Hough et al., 1996. 32. Twitchell et al., 1992. 33. Sajatovic and Ramirez, 2001. 34. Marín and Gamba, 1996. 35. Miller, Guarnaccia, and Fasina, 2002. 36. Loue, Cooper, and Fiedler, 2003a, b. 37. Loue and Sajatovic, 2006. 38. Loue and Sajatovic, 2006. 39. Onwuegbuzie and Teddlie, 2003. 40. Tashakkori and Teddlie, 1998. 41. Onwuegbuzie and Teddlie, 2003. CHAPTER 2 1. Good, 1977, pp. 39–40. 2. Guarnaccia, Lewis-Fernández, and Rivera Marano, 2003, p. 353. 3. Low, 1981. 4. Guarnaccia, Rubio-Stipec, and Canino, 1989; Guarnaccia, Lewis-Fernández, and Rivera Marano, 2003. 5. Jenkins, 1988. 6. Guarnaccia, Lewis-Fernández, and Rivera Marano, 2003. 7. Fernández-Marina, 1961; Mehlman, 1961. 8. Guarnaccia, Rubio-Stipec, and Canino, 1989. 9. Gherovici, 2003, p. 138. 10. Lewis-Fernández, 1996; Guarnaccia and Rogler, 1999. 11. Guarnaccia, Lewis-Fernández, and Rivera Marano, 2003; Guarnaccia et al., 1993; Guarnaccia, Rubio-Stipec, and Canino, 1989; Salmán et al., 1998. 12. De La Cancela, 1986; Guarnaccia, Rubio-Stipec, and Canino, 1989. 13. Kleinman, 1996, p. 20. The current version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual defines “culture-bound syndromes” as “recurrent, locallyspecific patterns of aberrant behavior and troubling experience that may...

Share