Missionary Scientists: Jesuit Science in Spanish South America, 1570-1810

Notes

229 notes Unless otherwise indicated, all translations are the author’s own. Notes to the iNtroduCtioN 1. For early accounts of the discovery and spread of cinchona, see Jarcho, Quinine’s Predecessor, 1–11; for Badus, see 1–3, 36–37. 2. Jarcho, Quinine’s Predecessor, 3–4. 3. Ibid., 4–9. 4. Cobo, Obras, 1:274. In the brief chapter Cobo devoted to cinchona bark, he made no reference to the countess’s cure by means of it—an event he could not have missed, since he was in Peru during those years. For the distribution of cinchona bark in Europe through Jesuit institutional networks, see Harris,“Long-Distance Corporations,” 289–90. 5. On the role played by Lugo in the introduction of cinchona to Europe, see Jarcho, Quinine’s Predecessor, 14–17. The drug was also known in Italy as pulvis cardinalis or pulvis de Lugo (17). 6. See, for instance, the essays collected in O’Malley, Jesuits and Jesuits II, and Feingold, Jesuit Science. Harris’s article“Jesuit Activity in the Overseas Missions” is one of the few exceptions to this trend. See also the volume edited by Millones Figueroa and Ledezma, El saber de los jesuitas, which appeared precisely to ameliorate this situation. 7. Pimentel and Cañizares-Esguerra have pointed out the disparity between the amount of Spanish scientific production in the early modern period and the attention it has received from scholars. See Pimentel,“Iberian Vision,” and Cañizares-Esguerra, “Iberian Science.” For a general assessment of this situation, see Deans-Smith, “Nature and Scientific Knowledge.” Despite recognizing a growing awareness among scholars of the importance of Spanish contributions to natural history, Ogilvie refused to include Spanish naturalists in his discussion of early modern natural history (Science of Describing, 24). 8. O’Malley, First Jesuits, 200. 9. Loyola, Constitutions, 361. 10. Martín, Intellectual Conquest of Peru, 20. 230 Notes to Pages 4–16 11. Harris,“Mapping Jesuit Science,” 224–25. 12. On this issue, see Baldwin,“Pious Ambitions.” 13. O’Malley, First Jesuits, 370–71. 14. See MacCormack,“Grammar and Virtue.” For Barzana as the foremost linguist in the Jesuits’ first years in Peru, see 579–80. For the use of Juli as a language school, see 582. 15. See Cobo, Obras, 2:464–70. 16. Acosta, Historia natural y moral, 147. Notes to Chapter 1 1. Levillier, Gobernantes del Perú, 4:32. 2. O’Malley, First Jesuits, 374. 3. Egaña, Monumenta Peruana, 1:122. 4. For the rise of pedagogy as the main ministry of the Society of Jesus, see O’Malley, First Jesuits, 200. 5. Martín, Intellectual Conquest of Peru, 11–12. 6. Vargas Ugarte, Historia, 1:51–53. On the roundtables about practical moral issues, see Martín, Intellectual Conquest of Peru, 53–54. 7. See Andrien,“Spaniards, Andeans, and the Early Colonial State in Peru,” especially 121–24. For a general account of early colonial Peru, see Hemming, Conquest; for the events leading to the nomination of Toledo as viceroy, see 383–91. 8. Levillier, Don Francisco de Toledo, 80; 109–12. 9. Levillier, Gobernantes del Perú, 4:115. 10. Rowe,“Incas,” 156; Hemming, Conquest, 395. 11. Hemming, Conquest, 393; Wightman, Indigenous Migration, 12–14. 12. Matienzo, Gobierno del Perú, 48. 13. For Toledo’s tax reform, see Escobedo Mansilla, Tributo indígena en el Perú, 54–63. The social upheaval that the reducciones, with their associated reassessment of tributes and enforcement of the mita, brought upon native communities has been discussed by Wightman, Indigenous Migration, 15–25; see also Garrett, Shadows of Empire, 25–34. 14. The royal patronage (patronato real de las Indias) was the sum of all the Crown’s rights and obligations over the American church. It was institutionalized in 1508 by Pope Julius II’s Universalis ecclesiae regimini. This bull granted the Spanish Crown the right to build and endow cathedrals and parochial churches in America, to found convents and monasteries, and the right to designate all church officials. The bull has been published in Levillier, Organización de la Iglesia, part 2, 38–40. 15. Levillier, Gobernantes del Perú, 4:111. 16. Málaga, Reducciones toledanas en Arequipa, 40–41. 17. Matienzo, Gobierno del Perú, 4:5, 8, 9, 17, 108, 112–13. For the police and judicial powers taken up by the doctrineros, see 29, and also Rowe,“Inca,” 188–89. For some figures on the sometimes exorbitant tributes demanded by the priests, see Hemming, Conquest, 361. 18. Guaman Poma...