Great Cruelties Have Been Reported: The 1544 Investigation of the Coronado Expedition

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS / xi INTRODUCTION / xiii£==^ CHAPTER 1 THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND / 1 CHAPTER 2 THETEXTSANDEDITORIAL PROTOCOLS TheTexts / 10 Transcription and Translation Protocols / 20 Abbreviations Used in This Text / 25 CHAPTER 3 LORENZO DETEJADAAND THE BEGINNING OFTHE INVESTIGATION Spanish Concern OverTreatment of Indians / 26 The Residencia, Visita, and PesquisaTraditions / 28 An Investigation Is Launched / 29 A Translation of the Documentary Record / 38 A Transcript of the Documentary Record / 46 CHAPTER 4 THE FIRST DE OFICIO WITNESSES, FRANCISCA DE HOZES AND ALONSO SÁNCHEZ A Woman and Her Husband / 54 A Translation of the Testimony / 58 A Transcript of the Testimony / 66 CONTENTS CHAPTER 5 JUAN GÓMEZ DE PARADINAS, THE THIRD DE OFICIO WITNESS A Tailor, Alguacil, and Billeting Officer / 75 A Translation of the Testimony / 78 A Transcript of the Testimony / 83 CHAPTER 6 DOMINGO MARTÍN, THE FOURTH DE OFICIO WITNESS A Veteran of the Conquestof Mexico / 88 A Translation of the Testimony / 91 A Transcript of the Testimony / 99 CHAPTER 7 JUAN DE CONTRERAS,THE FlFTH DE OFICIO WlTNESS The Head Groom / 107 A Translation of the Testimony / 109 A Transcript of the Testimony / 117 CHAPTER 8 RODRIGO XIMÓN, THE SIXTH DE OFICIO WITNESS A Veteran of the Conquestof Nueva Galicia / 126 A Translation of the Testimony / 128 A Transcript of the Testimony / 134 CHAPTER 9 CRISTÓBAL DE ESCOBAR,THE SEVENTH DE OFICIO WITNESS A Recent Arrívalin the NewWorld / 141 A Translation of the Testimony / 144 CHAPTER 10 JUAN TROYANO, THE EIGHTH DE OFICIO WITNESS A Professional Military Man / 161 A Translation of the Testimony / 165 A Transcript of the Testimony / 177 A Transcript of the Testimony / 152 CHAPTER 11 RODRIGO DE FRÍAS, THE NINTH DE OFICIO WITNESS A Member of the Advance Guard / 189 A Translation of the Testimony / 191 A Transcript of the Testimony / 198 CHAPTER 12 MELCHIOR PÉREZ, THE TENTH DE OFICIO WITNESS Son of the Previous Governor / 206 A Translation of the Testimony A Transcript of the Testimony / 219 CHAPTER 13 PEDRO DE LEDESMA, THE ELEVENTH DE OFICIO WITNESS A Member of Vázquez de Coronado's Household / 230 A Translation of the Testimony / 234 A Transcript of the Testimony / 242 CHAPTER 14 JUAN DE ZALDÍVAR, THE TWELFTH DE OFICIO WITNESS A Captain / 250 A Translation of the Testimony / 253 A Transcript of the Testimony / 261 CHAPTER 15 THE NOMINALTARGET OFTHE INVESTIGATION, FRANCISCO VÁZQUEZDE CORONADO Investor and Captain General / 270 A Translation of the Testimony / 277 A Transcript of the Testimony / 294 CHAPTER 16 ALONSO ÁLVAREZ, THE FOURTEENTH DE OFICIO WlTNESS The Standard Bearer / 312 A Translation of the Testimony / 315 A Transcript of the Testimony / 320 CHAPTER 17 THE FISCAL'SACCUSATIONS AGAINSTVÁZQUEZ DE CORONADO The Fiscal Cristóbal de Benavente / 325 A Translation of the Documentary Record / 328 A Transcript of the Documentary Record / 332 CHAPTER 18 THE MAESTRE DE CAMPO HELD RESPONSIBLE The Penalty Paid By García López de Cárdenas / 336 A Translation of the Documentary Record / 340 A Transcript of the Documentary Record / 342 CHAPTER 19 DEFENSE OFFERED BYVÁZQUEZ DE CORONADO Francisco Pilo and the Beginning of Testimony in the Province of Culiacán / 344 Lirtle-Known Lorenzo Álvarez / 346 A Translation of the Documentary Record / 348 A Transcript of the Documentary Record / 368 CHAPTER 20 DIEGO LÓPEZ, THE SECOND DEPARTE WITNESS A Councilman of Sevilla and Veteran of the Conquestof Nueva Galicia / 389 CHAPTER 21 LUIS DE FlGUEREDO, THE THIRD DE PARTE WITNESS Sent to Sonora / 406 A Translation of the Testimony / 408 A Transcript of the Testimony / 412 A Translation of the Testimony / 391 A Transcript of the Testimony / 398 CHAPTER 22 PEDRO DE TOVAR, THE FOURTH DEPARTE WITNESS Captain and Nephew to the Viceroy / 416 A Translation of the Testimony / 418 A Transcript of the Testimony / 425 CHAPTER 23 FURTHER DEFENSE Summary of Testimony in México City / 432 A Translation of the Testimony Summary / 437 A Transcript of the Testimony Summary / 447 CHAPTER 24 A FINAL AND DEFINITIVE DECISION The Captain General Exonerated / 457 A Translation of the Decisions / 460 ATranscript of the Decisions / 480 CHAPTER 25 PARTISAN TESTIMONYASSOURCEMATERIAL FOR HISTORY The Witnesses asTypical Members of the Expedition / 502 Distinguishing Status and Vínculos / 505 Partisan Testimony and Foregone Conclusions / 509 Cultural Bias and Associational Slant / 511 Summary of the Testimony concerning Brutality and Cruelty / 512 CHAPTER 26 RESULTSANDREPERCUSSIONS OFTHE EXPEDITION TO...