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321| introDUCtion: All roADs leAD to fresno Historians who have taken booster rhetoric as worthy of serious analysis include Carl Abbott, Boosters and Businessmen: Popular Economic Thought and Urban Growth in the Antebellum Middle West (Westport, Ct: Greenwood, 1983); David Hamer, New Towns in the New World: Images and Perceptions of the Nineteenth Century Urban Frontier (new York: Columbia University Press, 1990); and David Wrobel, Promised Lands: Promotion, Memory and the Creation of the American West (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002). on Canadian urbanization generally, see Warren Magnuson and Andrew Sancton, eds., City Politics in Canada (toronto: University of toronto Press, 1983); George A. nader, Cities of Canada, 2 vols. (toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1975–76); and Gilbert Stelter and Alan Artibise, eds., The Canadian City: Essays in Urban History (toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1977). the permeability of the U.S.–Canadian border is discussed in Marcus Lee Hansen, The Mingling of the Canadian and American Peoples, vol. 1: Historical, completed by John Bartlett Brebner (new Haven: Yale University Press, 1940); Marcus Lee Hansen, The Atlantic Migration, 1607–1860 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1941); Beth LeDow, The Medicine Line: Life and Death on a North American Borderland (new York: Routledge, 2000); and John Lutz, “Work, Sex and Death on the Great thoroughfare: Annual Migrations of ‘Canadian indians’ to the American Pacific northwest,” Patricia Wood, “Borders and identities among italian immigrants in the Pacific northwest, 1880–1938,” Jeremy Mouat, “nationalist narratives and Regional Realities: the Political economy of Railway Development in Southwestern British Columbia, 1895–1905,” and Daniel Marshall, “no Parallel: American SettlerSoldiers at War with the nlaka’pamux of the Canadian West,” all in Parallel Destinies: Canadians, Americans, and the Western Frontier, ed. John M. Findlay and Ken Coates (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2002). An extraordinarily rich study that does not fit neatly with the organization of this book is D. W. Meinig’s magisterial four-volume exploration of the historical geography of north America in The Shaping of America (new Haven: Yale University Press, 1986–2004), consisting of Atlantic America, 1482–1800, Continental America, 1800–1867, Transcontinental America, 1850–1915, and Global America, 1915–2000. Also crossing chapter boundaries is Lawrence Larsen, The Urban West at the End of the Frontier (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1978). bibLiograPhiCaL essay | biblioGrAPHiCAl essAy 322 CHAPter one. oUtPosts of eMPires John Reps, Cities in the American West: A History of Frontier Urban Planning (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979); Dora Crouch, Daniel t. Garr, and Axel i. Mindigo, SpanishCityPlanninginNorthAmerica(Cambridge,MA:MitPress,1982);andoakahL. Jones Jr., Los Paisanos: Spanish Settlers on the Northern Frontier of New Spain (norman: University of oklahoma Press, 1979) are essential sources on towns at the northern end of the Spanish–American frontier. David Weber, The Spanish Frontier in North America (new Haven: Yale University Press, 1992) provides an essential framework. the histories of early Spanish and Mexican communities are discussed in Marc Simmons, “Governor Cuervo and the Beginnings of Albuquerque: Another Look,” New Mexico Historical Review 55 (1980): 188–207; Michael Gonzalez, This Small City Will Be a Mexican Paradise: Exploring the Origins of Mexican Culture in Los Angeles, 1821–1846 (Albuquerque: University of new Mexico Press, 2005); Kenneth t. Wheeler, To Wear a City’s Crown: The Beginnings of Urban Growth in Texas, 1836–1865 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1968); Jess de la teja and John Wheat, “Bexar: Profile of a tejano Community, 1820–1832,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 89 (1985): 5–34; and Jesús de la teja, “A Spanish Borderlands Community: San Antonio,” Magazine of History 14 (2000): 25–28. For Russian town building, see James R. Gibson, “Sitka versus Kodiak: Countering the tlinget threat and Situating the Colonial Capital in Russian America,” Pacific Historical Review 67 (February 1998): 67–98. the historical literature on the cities of england’s north American colonies is voluminous . For points made in this brief discussion, refer to Darrett Rutman, Winthrop’s Boston: Portrait of a Puritan Town (Chapel Hill: University of north Carolina Press, 1965); Joseph ernst and H. Roy Merrens, “Camden’s turrets Pierce the Skies: the Urban Process in the Southern Colonies during the eighteenth Century,” William and Mary Quarterly 30 (1973): 548–74; John Reps, Tidewater Towns: City Planning in Colonial Virginia and Maryland (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1972); and Gary nash, The Urban Crucible: Northern Seaports and the Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986). Carl Bridenbaugh, Cities in the Wilderness: The First Century of Urban...

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