Kokota Grammar

CONTENTS

CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES............................................................... xviii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................xx GLOSSING ABBREVIATIONS...................................................................... xxi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1 1.1 Sociolinguistic context............................................................................... 1 1.2 Kokota in Oceanic...................................................................................... 2 1.3 Previous work on Kokota........................................................................... 3 1.4 The present study ....................................................................................... 3 1.5 Orthography ............................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER 2: PHONOLOGY ............................................................................. 5 2.1 Segmental phonology................................................................................. 5 2.1.1 Consonants.......................................................................................... 5 2.1.1.1 Consonant phoneme inventory..................................................... 5 2.1.1.1.1 Evidence for phoneme status: consonants............................. 6 2.1.1.1.2 Consonant phoneme frequencies ........................................... 6 2.1.1.2 Consonant phonemes ................................................................... 8 2.1.1.2.1 Sonorants............................................................................... 8 2.1.1.2.2 Plosives ................................................................................. 8 2.1.1.2.3 Fricatives................................................................................ 8 2.1.1.2.3.1 Labial fricatives.............................................................. 8 2.1.1.2.3.2 Coronal fricatives ........................................................... 8 2.1.1.2.3.3 Nonlabial noncoronal fricatives ..................................... 9 2.1.1.2.3.3.1 Surface deletion ofnonlabial noncoronal fricatives 9 2.1.1.2.3.3.2 Morphophonemic deletion ofnonlabial noncoronal fricatives..................................................................................... 10 2.1.1.3 Phonological processes involving consonants ........................... 11 2.1.1.3.1 Labialization and velarization ............................................. 11 2.1.1.3.2 Palatalization....................................................................... 12 2.1.1.3.3 Glottal epenthesis ................................................................ 12 2.1.1.3.4 Glides .................................................................................. 13 2.1.2 Vowels .............................................................................................. 14 2.1.2.1 Vowel phoneme inventory ......................................................... 14 2.1.2.2 Evidence for phoneme status: vowels ........................................ 14 2.1.2.3 Vowel phoneme frequencies ...................................................... 15 2.1.2.4 Phonological processes involving vowels.................................. 15 2.1.2.4.1 Diphthong formation ........................................................... 15 2.1.2.4.1.1 Eligible sequences........................................................ 16 2.1.2.4.1.2 Diphthong frequencies ................................................. 16 2.1.2.4.1.3 Restrictions on diphthong formation ............................ 17 2.1.2.4.2 Diphthong reduction ........................................................... 17 2.1.2.4.3 Glide formation ................................................................... 17 2.1.2.4.4 Interconsonantal vowel devoicing....................................... 19 2.2 Syllable structure ..................................................................................... 20 vii 2.2.1 Onsets................................................................................................ 20 2.2.l.l Syllables with no onset .............................................................. 20 2.2.1.2 Onset clusters ............................................................................. 20 2.2.1.2.1 Permissible onset clusters ................................................... 21 2.2.1.2.2 Word-level onset tendencies ............................................... 22 2.2.1.2.3 Violations of cluster constraints in loan words ................... 22 2.2.1.2.3.1 A coronal Cl ................................................................ 22 2.2.1.2.3.2 Obstruent plus obstruent clusters ................................. 23 2.2.1.2.4 Absence ofIhl and voiceless sonorants in clusters.............. 24 2.2.2 Nuclei................................................................................................ 24 2.2.3 Codas ................................................................................................ 25 2.3 Word minimality ...................................................................................... 25 2.4 Reduplication ........................................................................................... 26 2.4.1 Partial reduplication .......................................................................... 26 2.4.1.1 Function of partial reduplication ................................................ 26 2.4.1.2 Formal characteristics of partial reduplication ........................... 27 2.4.1.3 Non-synchronic echo syllables .................................................. 28 2.4.2 Full reduplication .............................................................................. 29 2.5 Stress........................................................................................................ 30 2.5.1 Metrical stress and moraic theory ..................................................... 30 2.5.2 Foot structure and alignment............................................................. 31 2.5.3 Moraic and syllabic stress variation .................................................. 32 2.5.4 Irregular stress assignment in roots with light syllables only............ 35 2.5.5 The effect of suffixes and enclitics on stress assignment.................. 37 2.5.6 The effect of prefixes and proclitics on stress assignment................ 42 2.5.6.1 Stress implications of reduplication ........................................... 42 2.5.6.2 Stress implications of the causative particlefa .......................... 44 2.5.6.3 Stress implications of the preposition ka.................................... 46 2.5.6.4 Stress implications of the subordinator fa .................................. 47 2.6 Prosodic processes ................................................................................... 47 2.6.1 Word-final vowel syncope ................................................................ 47 2.6.l.l Word-final syncope before consonants ...................................... 47 2.6.1.2 Word-final syncope before vowels ............................................ 49 2.6.2 Vowel syncope in compounds .......................................................... 50 2.6.3 Vowel syncope and cliticization ....................................................... 50 2.6.3.1 Syncope with enclitics ............................................................... 50 2.6.3.2 Syncope with proclitics .............................................................. 51 2.6.4 Suffixed demonstrative vowel syncope ............................................ 52 2.6.5 Word internal syncope between non-identical consonants ............... 53 2.6.6 Geminate consonant formation ......................................................... 54 2.6.6.1 Geminates in suffixes and enclitics............................................ 54 2.6.6.2 Geminates in synchronic reduplication ...................................... 56 2.6.6.3 Geminates in non-synchronic reduplication ............................... 57 2.6.7 Compensatory lengthening ............................................................... 57 2.6.8 Reduction of diphthong weight by V2 deletion ................................ 58 V)]) 2.6.9 Vowel coalescence............................................................................ 58 2.6.10 Glide fonnation ............................................................................... 59 CHAPTER 3: NOUN PHRASES ...................................................................... 63 3.1 Nominal fonns .....................................................................;................... 63 3.1.1 Nominal derivation...