Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines

Index

407 Abaca (ethnic group), 173, 219, 229 Abaca (fiber): manufacture of, 57, 81, 82, 158, 159 Abortion: influence on birth rate, 108, 111, 252, 262; and low population density, 76–78; suppression of, 108, 262; in the Visayas, 60–61, 78, 252 Abra Valley, 181, 185, 187, 191, 218, 220 Abuatan, 206, 208 Abulug (Tular), 206, 207, 210 Acuña, Pedro de, 33, 35, 82, 83, 121, 171, 193 Acute infections, 10–13, 127, 150; demographic impact of, 11, 22, 77, 253; immunity in pre-Spanish times to, 22, 189, 252, 258, 259; in the pre-Spanish Philippines, 16–18; sources of, 13, 258, 379n.15; spread of, 16–17, 20–22, 77, 212, 258. See also Epidemics; Measles; Plague; Smallpox; Typhus Adan, 191, 243 Administration. See Spanish bureaucracy Aduarte, Diego de, 204, 205, 208, 243 Agoo, 181, 183, 186, 191, 233, 303app.D, 364n.98 Agriculture: commercialization of, 30, 80–81, 116; Spanish lack of interest in, 5, 9, 30, 116, 124. See also Land, alienation of; Livestock raising; Shifting cultivation Aguirre, Juan de, 54, 69 Aklan, 72, 83, 95 Alaguet, 232, 375n.106 Alangalang, 64, 88, 89t.6.1 Albay, 154, 161, 162–163, 162t.8.1, 274app.B. See also Bikol Alcaldes mayores, 25–26; corruption in the polo by, 26, 145–146; excessive exactions by, 121, 141, 193; role of, 25–26, 29, 84, 130, 141; tribute system abused by, 47–48, 62 Alcaldías mayores, 25, 39, 146, 166, 195, 348n.1 Index Page numbers in boldface type refer to illustrations and maps. Alcina, Francisco Ignacio, 15, 18, 45–46, 54, 90; on social practices, 59, 60, 91, 108 Aldana y Cabrera, García de, 188, 232, 237t.13.2 Antipolo, 116, 118, 122, 127, 131t.7.2, 266– 267app.A, 344n.65 Antique, 55, 72, 95, 98, 333n.191 Antolín, Francisco, 205, 231; accounts by, 46, 224, 230, 374n.79; population estimates by, 205, 224, 228–229, 236–240, 237t.13.2 Apayao, 191–192, 206, 218–219, 220, 241–243, 371n.96; epidemics among the, 212, 268app. A; population estimates for the, 214t.12.1, 215, 216t.12.2, 243, 245, 248, 248t.13.4 Araut. See Dumangas Archeological evidence, 13, 19, 37, 46–47, 70. See also Porcelain; Pottery Arévalo, 62, 72, 80, 88, 95, 120, 271app.B Argao, 68, 100, 101t.6.4 Aringay, 181, 183, 188, 191, 220, 221 Aritao, 221, 222, 225, 240 Arzadún y Rebolledo, Joseph Ignacio de, 194, 199 Asingan, 184, 192, 225, 233, 237t.13.2 Augustinians, 62, 95, 134, 223; in Cebu, 62, 70, 88, 99, 101; as critics, 6, 61; estates owned by, 83, 123, 134, 142; in Ilocos, 179, 189–192, 195; in interior Luzon, 229, 233, 234, 243; in Ituy and Paniqui, 225, 373n.47; in Laguna de Bay, 133–134, 142; in Mindoro, 146; in Negros, 62, 75, 102; number under the, 96–97t.6.3, 98, 101, 130, 134, 142, 191–192, 195; in Pampanga, 172–173; in Panay, 55, 62, 88, 95–99; in Pangasinan, 190, 364n.98; in Tondo, 116 Awa, 233, 234 Babaylanes. See Shamans Babuyan Islands, 215, 371n.97; colonies of settlers from the, 215, 284app.D 408 Index Baclayon, 67, 68, 88, 94, 271app.B, 273app.B Bacnotan, 181, 233, 235 Bacolor, 167, 168, 170, 171 Bacón, 154, 157, 161, 162, 274app.B Bagabag, 222, 226t.13.1, 228, 235, 239, 270app.A Bagatao, 154, 159, 161 Balayan, 62, 122, 140, 141, 147, 348n.1; epidemics in, 21, 266app.A; population of, 140–141, 149t.8.1, 278–279app.D, 305app. D, 311app.E Baluga (Negritos), 229, 299 Bambang, 222, 226t.13.1 Bangar, 181, 190, 235 Bangbanglo (Nacpartian), 181, 191 Bangued, 181, 191 Banilad, 68, 83 Bantay, 181, 182t.11.2, 191, 194 Bantayan (island), 55, 67, 68, 69–70, 71, 99, 100, 271app.B, 273app.B Barangays, 12, 57, 136 Baratao, 180t.11.1, 181, 188, 190 Barili, 68, 69, 99 Batac, 181, 190, 191, 193, 269–270app.A Batan, 96t.6.3, 98, 166 Batangas, 21, 134, 135, 136, 142, 147; population of, 149t.8.1, 150–152, 278– 279app.D Bauang (Baratao), 181, 190, 233, 234, 235 Bay, 133, 134, 135, 150, 348n.9 Baybay, 64, 87, 272app.B Bayombong, 221, 222, 226t.13.1, 228 Becerra Montano, Fernando, 202, 205–206 Benguet, 218, 219–220, 220, 230–234, 237t.13.2 Beriberi, 16 Betel (areca nut), 117, 139, 342n.16 Betis, 166, 167, 172 Bikol, 44...