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385 Bibliography archival Sources Research for this book was undertaken on three continents. For the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries by far the most important sources were located in the Archivo General de Indias (AGI) in Seville. This archive contains correspondence to and from governors, royal officials, bishops, priests, members of the religious orders, and private individuals in the Philippines. The most important sections researched for this study were the Audiencia de Filipinas and Patronato. Information on tribute records was obtained from the Contaduría section, and eighteenth-century censuses were found in Indiferente General. It is worth noting that although the eighteenth century is not the focus of this study, the amount of documentation for that period is immense and has not been consulted extensively by researchers. A significant number of sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century documents in the AGI have been translated and published by Emma Blair and James Robertson in their fifty-five-volume collection The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803 (Cleveland: A. H. Clark, 1903–1909). The collection also contains partial translations of some of the chronicles of the religious orders. Translated more than one hundred years ago, the English now seems a little dated. Also, for the precise terms used, particularly for population categories, it is better to consult the original sources if possible. However, these volumes constitute a readily accessible source for those unable to visit Spain, and the first twenty-four volumes are available free of charge as part of Project Gutenberg at http://www.gutenberg.org /etext/13255. The only drawback with the electronic edition is that the pagination does not follow that in the printed volumes. Meanwhile, some documents from the Patronato and Audiencia de Filipinas sections of the AGI have been digitized as part of their ongoing digitalization project. Some documents referring to the Philippines, particularly from the early colonial period, can be read remotely through the “Archivos españoles en red” website at http://aer.mcu.es/. Of particular importance for research on the Philippines were the archives of the four main religious orders that worked there in colonial times. Two series of Dominican records exist in the Philippines at the University of Santo Tomas in Manila. The first is the Archivo de la Provincia del Santísimo Rosario (APSR), which is the main archive for the Dominican order and has outstanding records on their activities in Cagayan, Pangasinan , and interior Luzon. Very few of these documents have been published. The other is the archive of the University of Santo Tomas itself, which apart from containing many useful documents houses many early printed books and pamphlets. The records of the Jesuit order were consulted in the Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu (ARSI) in Rome. The most important section researched was that dealing with 386 Bibliography the Philippine province. Most of these documents are in Spanish, but some are in Latin. While they have not been published, these documents formed the basis of Horacio de la Costa’s study The Jesuits in the Philippines, 1581–1768 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1961). A microfilm copy of some of these documents is available at Saint Louis University in Saint Louis in the United States. Some transcriptions may also be found in Pablo Pastells’ edition of Francisco Colín’s Labor Evangélica (Heinrich y Compañía: Barcelona, 1900–1902), but they contain some errors. Documents relating to the activities of the Augustinians in the Philippines are to be found in the archive of the Augustinian order in Valladolid, Spain. It contains few early colonial documents, but sources relevant to the Augustinian Philippine province found in this and other archives have been published in twenty volumes by Isacio Rodríguez, Historia de la provincia Agustiniana del smo. nombre de Jésus de Filipinas (Manila: Arnoldus, 1965–1988). For the Franciscan order, research was conducted in the Archivio Generale dell’Ordine dei Frati Minori in Rome, but little of relevance was found. More important for the Philippines is the Archivo Franciscano Ibero-Oriental in Madrid, though its strength is in the eighteenth century. It was not researched for this study. Apart from the religious orders, research was also conducted in the Philippine National Archives. The strength of this archive lies in the late eighteenth century and nineteenth centuries; it contains relatively few documents relating to the early colonial period. However, documents referring to the creation of new towns (Erección de pueblos) contained useful geographical information, including some maps. Other sections that proved of value were...

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