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Index 295 Aguinaldo, Emilio, 64, 126, 157–162; in Hong Kong, 161; and Mariano Limjap, 159; as mestizo sangley, 158; and Sun Yat-sen, 158 Albay Province, xiv, 161–162 American colonial policy, 12, 18–19, 119, 140–185, 187–192, 225; “benevolent assimilation,” 143, 147; and Chinese crime, 186–187, 189, 191, 195–196, 209–217; toward Chinese political parties, 167, 214; and crime, 133, 150, 154–156, 159, 197, 201–215; health policy, 133, 147, 154, 162, 164, 187–191, 195; legal system, 147, 169, 182, 198–199, 202–206, 209–211; martial law, 133, 143, 154–155; opium policy, 133, 136, 143, 154–156, 187–188, 192, 195–198, 205–207; personnel, 188–191; Philippine Organic Act, 146–148, 176; “Philippines for Filipinos ,” 127, 146–147, 191 Amyot, Jacques, 19, 76 Anglo-Chinese School, 82–84, 130–131, 150, 170 anti-American boycott, 134, 165–166. See also Chinese exclusion laws Ardant, Gabriel, 31 Armentrout Ma, L. Eve, 63 assimilation, 19, 25, 74–75, 162; Chinese resistance to, 69; in Dutch East Indies , 9, 75–76, 140; impact of colonial policy on, 8, 27–28, 35, 42, 46–51, 76, 148; religion as hindrance to, 44 Ban Siong Tong, 186, 200–201, 203–208, 212–213, 216. See also Fooking Merchants Benevolent Association Bankoff, Gregory, 22–23 Baohuanghui, 4, 6, 163–167, 180, 184, 198. See also Kang Youwei; and Liang Qichao Bataan Province, xiv, 48 Batavia, 8–9, 38–40, 70, 191, 196. See also Dutch East Indies Bayard-Zhang Treaty, 106 Binondo: Chinese in, 41, 48, 60, 72, 78, 85, 133, 190, 205, 208, 226; plague and cholera in, 128, 133. See also Chinatown; Manila; and Tondo Blair, E. H., and J. A. Robertson, 15 Blaker, James, 152, 167, 176, 217 Blussé, Leonard, 8, 67 Boncan, Emiliano, 134 Bonifacio, Andres and Procopio, 160 Boston: Chinese gangs in, 190 Brown, C. H., 74 Bulacan Province, xiv, 48 Bureau of Insular Affairs, 145, 182, 186–217, 225 Burlingame Treaty, 3 cabang atas, 67, 81. See also Dutch East Indies cabecilla-agent system, 66–72, 74, 77, 148–149. See also tiendas de sari sari cabezas de barangay, 86 Cablenews-American, 199, 203, 205–206, 210 Caces, Fe, 69 296 Index caciques, 37, 148. See also Chinese mestizos; and ilustrados Cai Zishen: defense of Chen Qianshan, 129–130 Canton system, 32, 54, 93–94 Canton/Guangzhou, 72, 100–104, 164, 166, 222 Cantonese, 19–20, 61, 64, 75–76, 91, 101, 122, 142, 169; as cabecillas, 72, 118, 123–124; in Indo-China, 100; in Java, 140; rivalry with Hokkiens in Manila, 83, 118, 124, 129–132, 135–138, 164–166, 182, 193, 216; role in 1911 Revolution, 164–165, 180 Caribbean: Chinese in, 8, 95–97 Catholic Church, 32–33, 37, 39, 45, 54; friars/friarocracy, 30, 33, 43, 48, 54, 59, 117–118, 121, 148, 222; view of Chinese, 42 Catholicism, 39; Chinese conversion to, 8, 18, 32–33, 41–46, 48, 51, 57, 73, 79–80, 85, 88, 115, 137–139, 163; obras pias, 43, 48; padrinos, 43, 80, 115 Cavite Province, xiii–xiv, 36, 48, 50, 164 Cebu, 51, 56 Chen Gang, Engracio Palanca/Tan Kang, 126–139; education of, 115; as first Chinese consul general, 115, 126–131, 170; founder of Anglo -Chinese School, 83, 130–131; as interim consul general, 131–132, 134; as legal advocate (abogado), 134; ranks held, 115, 126–127; removal from office, 130, 170; role in anti-American boycott, 134 Chen Jinfang, 166–168 Chen Lanbin, 96, 99, 102, 106 Chen Qianshan, Carlos Palanca/Tan Quien-sien, 18–19, 108–139; accusations against, 118, 123–124, 128–132, 182, 216; as acting consul, 127–128; awards to; 115, 159; business interests; 113–114, 128–129, 137, 159; charity; 114, 134; role in founding consulate general, 101, 108–139; conflict with General Otis, 129–130, 137, 159, 205; con- flict with Li Rongyao, 131–132, 214; conversion, 115, 137; death of, 133–134; early life of, 113–114; as Gobernadorcillo de los Sangleyes, 101, 115–116, 117, 129, 134; institutional leadership; 114–119, 128–129; as interim consul general, 125–128, 141; portrayed by Rizal, 116–118, 222–223; protégés of, 134; petitions to Qing government, 85, 101–102, 119–128, 132; role in founding consulate general, 101, 108–139; service as legal advocate (abogado), 114–116, 133 Chicago: Chinese in, 20, 25, 33–34, 150, 190, 213, 221; on Leong Tong in, 33–34...

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