From Okinawa to the Americas: Hana Yamagawa and Her Reminiscences of a Century

Notes

195 Preface 1. Tamaki Shigemori, “Yamagawa Hana,” Ayumi no ato (Nanka Nikkei Paionia Sentā, Los Angeles), no. 3 (1978). 2. The Okinawan sanshin, or shamisen, as my mother called it in Japanese , is the descendant of a similarly three-stringed, plucked Chinese instrument but has a long, black-lacquered neck and a banjolike body covered with snakeskin. Its lively music is indispensable to most forms of Okinawan song and dance. 3. Hokubei Okinawa-jin Henshū Iinkai, ed., Hokubei Okinawa-jin shi (Naha: Hokubei Okinawa Kurabu, 1981). An English version was published later: The Okinawa Club of America, ed., History of the Okinawans in North America, trans. Ben Kobashigawa (Los Angeles: Asian American Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, 1988). 4. Tsuha Kiyoshi et al., eds., Okinawa-ken heiwa kinen shiryōkan: Sōgō annai (Naha: Okinawa-ken Heiwa Kinen Shiryōkan, 2001), 90. Introduction 1. Laura Hein and Mark Selden, eds., Islands of Discontent: Okinawan Responses to Japanese and American Power (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield , 2003), 10. 2. Yamazato Junichi, “Ryūkyū, Okinawa no rekishi sekai,” in Ryūkyū, notes 196 notes to pages 2–9 Okinawa to kaijō no michi, ed. Tomiyama Kazuyuki and Takara Kurayoshi, 56–61 (Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan, 2005). 3. George H. Kerr, Okinawa: The History of an Island People (Rutland, VT: Tuttle, 1958), 29; Katayama Kazumichi, “The Japanese as an Asia-Pacific Population,” in Multicultural Japan: Paleolithic to Postmodern, ed. Donald Denoon et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 24–25; Richard Pearson, “The Place of Okinawa in Japanese Historical Identity,” in Denoon, Multicultural Japan, 102–107. 4. Sakuda Shigeru, Okinawa no rekishi, 2 vols. (Naha: Gekkan Okinawasha , 1971–1972), 1:33–42. 5. Kerr, Okinawa, 68. 6. Shunzo Sakamaki, “Ryukyu and Southeast Asia,” Journal of Asian Studies 23, no. 3 (May 1964): 387. 7. Kouri-shi Henshū Iinkai, ed., Kouri-shi (Nakijin: Nakijin Nōson Kōminkan, 2006), 59; Kamiya Nobuyuki, “Satsuma no Ryūkyū shinnyū,” in Shin Ryūkyūshi: Kinsei hen, ed. Ikemiya Masaharu et al. (Naha: Ryūkyū Shimpōsha, 1989), 1:52–54. 8. Gregory Smits, Visions of Ryukyu: Identity and Ideology in EarlyModern Thought and Politics (Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 1999), 34–35. 9. Arashiro Toshiaki, Ryūkyū, Okinawa-shi (Naha: Tōyō Kikaku, 1997), 114–115. 10. Smits, Visions of Ryukyu, 133–140. 11. Ibid., 38. 12. Sakuda, Okinawa no rekishi, 1:20–21. 13. Nakijin Sonshi Hensan Iinkai, ed., Nakijin sonshi (Nakijin: Nakijin Sonyakusho, 1975), 45–46. 14. Higashionna Kanjun, Higashionna Kanjun zenshū (Tokyo: Daiichi Shobō, 1978), 1:16–24. 15. Matthew Calbraith Perry, Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan Performed in the Years 1852, 1853, and 1854, Under the Command of Commodore M. C. Perry, 3 vols. (Washington, D.C., 1856), 1:177. 16. Kondō Kenichirō, Kindai Okinawa ni okeru kyōiku to kokumin tōgō (Sapporo: Hokkaidō Daigaku Shuppankai, 2006), 39–94; Hyakushūnen Kinenshi Iinkai, ed., Nakijin Shōgakkō sōritsu hyakushū kinenshi (Nakijin: Nakijin Shōgakkō, 1983), 158–159. notes to pages 9–20 197 17. Basil Hall Chamberlain, “The Luchu Islands and Their Inhabitants,” Geographic Journal 5, no. 4 (1895): 44–47. 18. Mitsugu Sakihara, “Okinawans in Hawai‘i: An Overview of the Past 80 Years,” in Uchinanchu: A History of Okinawans in Hawaii (Honolulu: Center for Oral History, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, 1981), 110–111. 19. Seiyei Wakukawa, Jidai no senkusha: Tōyama Kyūzō (Honolulu: Toyama Kyuzo Memorial Committee, 1953), 122. 20. Sakihara, “Okinawans in Hawai‘i,” 106. 21. The Okinawa Club of America, ed., History of the Okinawans in North America, trans. Ben Kobashigawa (Los Angeles: Asian American Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, 1988), xiv. 22. Ibid., 25–27. 23. The proposal was made by Major General J. R. Sheetz in a letter to the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, USCAR, of February 13, 1950; see Glenn D. Hook and Richard Siddle, Japan and Okinawa: Structure and Subjectivity (London : RoutledgeCurzon, 2005), 83. Childhood 1. The names on the markers inscribed in Chinese characters are undecipherable, but the frigate Cleopatra, the corvette Victorieuse, and the death dates of the deceased—June 11, 1846, and June 20, 1846—are clearly legible. Murakami Jinken, “Son nai no rekishi sampo: Kinseikibun kara yomu rekishi, 3,” Kōhō Nakijin, October 1982, 5; February 1988, 6. In 1988 the French Foreign Office confirmed the names...