Human Security For All: A Tribute to Sergio Vieira de Mello

Notes

NOTES TRAPPED WITHIN HOSTILE BORDERS: THE PLIGHT OF INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS 1. The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement (New York: OCHA, 2000) defines internally displaced persons as “persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border.” 2. See Roberta Cohen and Francis Deng, Masses in Flight: The Global Crisis of Internal Displacement (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution , 1998) 23–29; United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, The State of the World’s Refugees (UNHCR, 1998) 112–115; and World Health Organization, “Internally Displaced Persons: Health and WHO” (paper presented at the humanitarian affairs segment of the substantive session of the ECOSOC, New York, 5 April 2000, 5). 3. See Francis M. Deng, “Ethnic Marginalization as Statelessness: Lessons from the Great Lakes Region of Africa” in Citizenship Today: Global Perspectives and Practices eds. T. Aleinikoff and Douglas Klusmeyer (Washington, DC: The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2001), 183–208. 4. See Walter Kälin, Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement: Annotations (Washington, DC: American Society of International Law and The Brookings Institution Project on International Displacement, 2000). The Handbook for Applying the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Project on Internal Displacement and OCHA, 1999). Recent Commentaries about the Nature and Application of the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement (Washington DC: The Brookings-CUNY Project on Internal Displacement , 2002). cahill.qxp 10/1/2004 1:36 PM Page 229 5. Inter-Agency Standing Committee, Policy Paper Series, no. 2 (New York: United Nations, 2000). 6. The relationship between the RSG and the Unit is governed by an MOU signed by the RSG and the ERC in April 2002. The MOU emphasizes “the recognition of the respective responsibilities of each body, their distinct nature and different, but complementary expertise and the need to build on the comparative advantages of each body.” The MOU maps major areas of activity for the RSG and the Unit. For the RSG, four main areas are identified: (1) development, dissemination and promotion of the Guiding Principles “in particular through seminars and support of local capacities,” (2) assessment of international institutional arrangements, (3) undertaking country missions to evaluate conditions and “dialogue with Governments and other actors,” and (4) studying the “causes and consequences of internal displacement.” For the Unit, five main areas are identified: (1) monitoring situations of internal displacement and identifying operational gaps, (2) further developing inter-agency policies and mobilizing resources, (3) providing “training, guidance and expertise” to RCs, HCs, UNCTs and humanitarian organizations on IDP issues, including the formulation of IDP strategies, (4) supporting the advocacy efforts of the ERC and other actors, in particular the RSG, and (5) promoting “functional linkages” between political, humanitarian and development actors. The MOU suggests the following “areas and modalities of cooperation ”: (1) developing and designing strategies for the promotion, dissemination and application of the Guiding Principles and the Handbook, (2) coordinating field visits, (3) collaborating in the development of policy and action-oriented research, (4) collaboration in the planning of seminars , publications and other initiatives, in particular concerning the Guiding Principles, and (5) undertaking joint advocacy activities (statements , public awareness, etc.). 7. See, for example, Omprakash Mishra, ed., Forced Migration in the South Asian Region (Delhi, India: Center for Refugee Studies / BrookingsSAIS Project on Internal Displacement / Manak, 2004); Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and the Law of the South Caucasus, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan (Washington, DC: American Society of International Law (ASIL), the Organization for Security and Cooperation in 230 NOTES cahill.qxp 10/1/2004 1:36 PM Page 230 Europe, and the Georgian Young Lawyers Association (GYLA), 2003); David A. Korn, Exodus within Borders: An Introduction to the Crisis of Internal Displacement (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1999); Roberta Cohen and Francis M. Deng, Masses in Flight: The Global Crisis of Internal Displacement (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1998); Roberta Cohen and Francis M. Deng, eds., The Forsaken People: Case Studies of the Internally Displaced (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1998); and Francis M. Deng, Protecting the Dispossessed : A Challenge for the International Community (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1993). 8. Francis M. Deng and I. William...