Between Ruin and Restoration: An Environmental History of Israel

Index

389 INDEx abdul Hamid ii, sultan, 4, 19 abdullah, King, 346 acid rain, 358 adam teva v’din. See israel Union for environmental Defense afforestation, 24, 155, 325; to combat desertification , 107, 114; effects on wildlife, 56, 65–66; by Jewish national fund, 119–20; species planted in, 24, 65, 120–22 agricultural terraces, 10, 35, 39; benefits of, 20, 118; neglect of, 9, 20, 31, 34, 49 agriculture, 6; acreage used for, 15, 32, 33, 36–37, 86–87; arabs’, 11, 32, 194–95, 198–201; changing methods in, 17, 55, 71; climate change’s effects on, 313–14; conflict between cultivators and herders in, 40–41; conflict with nonagricultural sectors, 201–2; crops in, 32–34, 117; cultivable land for, 49, 59, 100n4, 130–31; in cultural landscape map, 7, 14; desert, 107; desertification and, 10–11, 114; effects of irrigation on, 47–48; effects on environment, 29, 39, 316; effects on landscape , 31; effects on wildlife, 65, 67–70; effort to prevent soil degradation, 117–19; erosion on cultivated soil of, 45–46, 107; exogenous inputs to, 35–37; expansion of, 16–17; farmland and open-space preservation, 76–77, 161, 164, 367–68; farmland for, 175, 287; israel’s historical commitment to, 134–37, 140; in landscape maps, 8; ottoman efforts to modernize and increase, 24, 38; productivity of, 31–33, 37, 88–89, 94, 115–16, 138; rainfall and, 130–31, 313–14; regional cooperation in, 336–37; relation of population to, 34–37, 48; role in culture, 87, 141–44; role in economy, 88, 99, 133; sector’s influence on water management, 132–33, 141; subsidized water for, 138–39, 139; sustainability of, 115; technological developments in, 48, 94; traditional, 32–34, 37–40, 48–49; water allocations for, 129, 134, 137–38, 142–43; water use by, 130–31, 134 ahad Ha’am, 37 ala, abu, 346 alatout, samer, 87 alexander river, 61 ali, mohammed, 21 allen, tony, 142 all-terrain vehicles, 72, 76 alpert, P., 312 amir, rani, 278n11 amiran, D. H. K., 9 Analytical Flora of Eretz-Israel (feinbrunDothan and Danin), 47 anderlind, L., 20–21 aquaculture, 62–63 aqueduct, 19 arab federation for environment and Development, 351 arab israelis, 87, 100n4; agriculture, 11, 32, 194–95, 198–201; british appeasement of, 91; confiscation of land of, 190–91, 192, 196–97; culture of, 191, 200–201; discrimination against, 191–92, 206; land ownership by, 199, 206n1; opposing Jewish immigration, 87, 89; population note: Page numbers in italic type indicate illustrations. 390 INDEx of, 89, 97, 100n6, 123, 370; role in promoting peace, 205; struggling for control of land, 196–98, 368; timeline of tension with state, 193; Zionists claiming lack of conflict with, 86–87, 91. arafat, yasser, 336 arava institute for environmental studies, 341, 345–50 arian, a., 171 ashdod port, 303–4 ashkelon, debate over coal-fired power stations in, 319–20, 322, 324 ashkenasi, Gabi, 258 assif, shamai, 372 Atlas of Israel, 6 avnimelech, y., 317 ayalon Park, 373 baar, yaakov, 140 bachi, roberto, 95 bahá’ís, settlements of, 19 balfour Declaration, 136 barcelona Convention for the Protection of mediterranean sea against Pollution, 232, 262–65, 268–72, 278nn5,11, 350 bar elli, Daniel, 273 baskin, Gershon, 377 bedouins, 112, 123; livestock of, 40–41, 124–25; under ottomans, 19, 38; raids on settlements, 9, 11, 16; retreat of, 16, 22; settlements of, 37, 367, 369–71, 379n1; territory controlled by, 7, 10, 15; use of natural resources by, 20, 46–49 begin, menachem, 177 beihum, muhammad omar, 12 beln-eliezer, Uri, 246 ben-Gurion, David, 100n4, 120, 174; on carrying capacity, 86–93; declaring war on desert, 106, 115; on water infrastructure, 131, 138 ben-Gurion airport, 302–3 ben meir, meir, 137–38 benstein, Jeremy, 84–85, 100n2 ben yemini, eran, 377 biblical times: agriculture in, 134–35; carrying capacity in, 99; population in, 83–86 biger, G., 20–21 biodiversity, 76, 120, 250; influences on, 100, 125, 313; open-space preservation to protect, 146–47, 152; preservation of, 286, 358; richness of, 53–54 biosphere reserves, 160–61 blander, D., 185 blass, simcha, 137 brenmiller, avi, 323 britain, land-use planning system from, 288 british mandate government: acreage used for agriculture under, 32; agricultural terraces under, 35; agriculture acreage under, 36–37; data collection in, 32; forestry Commission of, 65; population under, 36; stocking rates under, 42, 43; wildlife conservation under, 55 british mandate period, 12, 14, 286, 295; on carrying capacity of Palestine...