The Politics of Motherhood: Maternity and Women’s Rights in Twentieth-Century Chile

Index

||  || I N D E X Note: Page numbers in italics refer to figures. abortion: Catholic Church on, , –; criminalization of, , , –, , –, n; demand for, ; impact of double discourse system on, ; medicalization of, , , –, –; as ongoing issue, –; public opinion on, , ; right-to-life clause of  Constitution , , ; Unidad Popular policy on, – abortion, legalization of: contemporary efforts toward, n; debate on, under Unidad Popular, –; doctors ’ support for, ; therapeutic abortions, , n abortion, therapeutic: debate on, under Unidad Popular, , ; legalization of, , n; military regime’s recriminalization of, , , , , n The Abortion (film), – abortions, illegal: arrests and prosecutions for, , –, , ; birth control as answer to, , –, , –, ; criminal penalties, , ; dangers of, –, , , –; decline in, after introduction of birth control, , , ; doctors’ denunciation of, n; health officials’ concerns about, ; higher risk for poor women in, –; as justification for birth control experimentation, , ; and maternal mortality rates, , , , –, , –, , , , , n; recognition of, as public health problem, , –, ; research and documentation on, –, –, , ; selected reasons for epidemic of, n; suppression of debate on, –; techniques,  Academia de Humanism Cristiano (Academy of Christian Humanism),  Act No. . (),  Adriasola, Guillermo, , , –, , – agency of women: birth control debate and, n; medical professionals’ control of family planning, , , –, , , , –, , n; protest against dictatorship and, , , , , ; under Unidad Popular government ,  Agrupación de Mujeres Democráticas (Association of DemocraticWomen),  Aguayo, Carmen Gloria, ; and Christian Democrats’ efforts to mobilize female electorate,  Aguer, Hector, and reference to fear of using the term “gender,” n Aguirre Cerda, Pedro, ,  alcoholism: and domestic violence, ; in early twentieth century,  Alessandri Palma,Arturo,  Alessandri Rodríguez, Jorge, ,  Allende, Hortensia Bussi de,  Allende, Isabel, –,  Allende Gossens, Salvador: on abortion, ; onAmerican partnership in health care, –; calls for social reform, –; death of, ; and election of , ; and election of , , ; and family planning programs, ; and health care policies, –; as minister of health, ; opposition’s undermining of, –, –; on social and political liberty, ; as traditional leftist, ; on women’s issues , –; on women’s role, , , , –, –, . See also Unidad Popular government Index||  || Alliance for Progress,  Alvarez, Sonia, , –,  Alywin, Patricio,  Amiga (periodical),  Ana (Mothers’ Center participant),  Ana (pobladora),  Ana Maria (protester), – Andreas, Carol, – Angela (pobladora),  Antezana-Pernet, Corinne,  anti-Americanism: in LatinAmerica, –; in Unidad Popular regime, – Antonio Ríos, Juan,  Appleman, Philip,  APROFA. See ChileanAssociation for the Protection of the Family Argentina: maternalization of women in, ; women’s rights in, ,  Armijo, Rolando, ,  art and culture under Unidad Popular government , – Asociación Chilena de Protección de la Familia. See ChileanAssociation for the Protection of the Family Association of DemocraticWomen (Agrupaci ón de Mujeres Democráticas),  authoritarian regimes, and women’s rights,  Avendaño, Onofre, , , ,  Aylwin, Patricio, – Bachelet, Michelle,  Baeza Goñi,Arturo,  Bahamonde,Alberto,  Baltra, Mireya,  Bambirra,Vania,  Barrales, Katerin,  Barrios de Chungara, Domitila, ,  Barr-Melej, Patrick,  Barros Borgoño, Martina, –, n Barros Luco Hospital, –, , ,  Batista, Fulgencio,  The Battle of Chile (Guzman), , n Belnap, David,  Belsky, Raymond L., n beneficent materialism, , – Benston, Margaret,  Berelson, Bernard,  Berlagoscky, Fanny,  Besse, Susan,  Beveridge,William,  biological differences. See “natural” qualities of women birth control: Catholic Church on, –, , , , n, n; decline in abortions after introduction of, , , ; delay in addressing need for, ; early advocates of, , ; emergency contraception, legalization of, ; poor women’s concerns about, ; public opinion on, ; religious views and, –, ; traditional methods of, ; women’s desire for, ; women’s right to, n. See also family planning birth control, access to: in s and s, ; groups asserting control of, –; medical professionals’ control of, , , –, , , , –, , n; under Unidad Popular,  birth control, support for: as answer to illegal abortion crisis, , –, , –, ; as basis for gender equity, ; to control population, , ; by doctors, , , –, ; women’s reproductive rights not considered in, –, , , ,  birth control, as weapon of imperialism, , , n; as weapon used against Chileans,  birth control experimentation, –, –, , n; and abuse of women as “human material,” , , ; and informed consent, –, ; lack of concern for subjects of, ; on men, – birth control information: MEMCh spreading of, ; for men, ; poor women’s access to, ; suppression of, –, –, , –, , ; women’s confusion about,  Bogolawski, John,  Boletin APROFA (periodical),  Born to Starve (Tydings),  Borquez, Chela,  Borzutsky-Friedman, Leon, n Index||  || BostonWomen’s Health Book Collective (BWHBC),  boycotts of Chilean goods under military rule, –,  Bravo, Rosa,  Brazil, women’s rights in, ,  breastfeeding, as obligation of mother, – Breeding Ourselves to Death (Lader),  Busto, Miren,  BWHBC. See BostonWomen’s Health Book Collective Caffarena, Elena, ,  Calderón, Margarita, – Calvo Mackenna, Luis,  campamentos: gender relations in, ; military regime suppression of, –; women’s activism in, –, , ; women’s daily struggles in, – Campos, Héctor,  Casas, Lidia,  Casti connubii (papal encyclical), , n Castillo, Carmen,  Castro, Fidel, ,  Catholic Church: on abortion, , –; on birth control, –, , , , n, n; and defense of human rights, ; rejection of feminist discourse...