Notes
|| || N O T E S Introduction . Barros Borgoño,“La esclavitud de la mujer,” as referenced in Lavrin, Women,Feminism, and Social Change,n. . Díaz Arrieta honors her by including her in his profile of selected Chilean writers. See DíazArrieta, Memorialistas chilenos,crónicas literarias,. .She lamented that“society presents marriage as a woman’s destiny,declaring her unable to be anything but a wife and a mother, all in the name of differences established by the nature of a woman and that of a man.” Barros Borgoño,“La esclavitud de la mujer,” Revista de Santiago (–), . . For Mill’s specific words, see Mill, Subjection of Women, . . Barros Borgoño,“La esclavitud de la mujer,” . .According to Barros Borgoño, “As a result, only the one who felt she had the abilities required by this elevated mission would be a mother . . . [and] . . . all wives would be good [wives] because only those who had the proper natural faculties to be wives would be wives” (ibid., ). . Iris Stolz evokes the meaning of this insult in her Adiós General—Adiós Macho?,. . Barbara Potthast titled her epic story of LatinAmerican women Of Mothers and Machos; although this dichotomy and the juxtaposition of these binary opposing categories were central to the construction of power in Latin America, the Chilean case complicates the understanding of mothers’ roles. It contributes specific evidence of the many meanings of motherhood and offers a more complex understanding of womanhood. See Potthast, Von Müttern und Machos.For an interesting collection of articles that offers great insights into complicated gender-based practices of inclusion and exclusion in different time periods and national/ regional settings, see Potthast and Scarzanella, Mujeres y naciones en América Latina. . On marianismo, see Stevens,“Marianismo,” –. For a critical assessment of the concept , see Navarro,“Against Marianismo,” –. . Lavrin, Women,Feminism,and Social Change, . . For a detailed account of early elite and middle-class women’s mobilization, see Verba, Catholic Feminism and the Social Question,and “Círculo de Lectura de Señoras.” . For this process, but also for tensions within the MEMCh and feminists’ changing tools, see Rosemblatt, Gendered Compromises,especially her discussion of feminists, socialists, and citizenship, –. For the most extensive study of the MEMCh, see Antezana-Pernet, “MobilizingWomen in the Popular Front Era.” . Joan Scott has long made the case for gender as a fundamental category in the construction of political hierarchies and as a primary way of signifying relationships of power; see Scott, Gender and the Politics of History. . See Nari, Políticas de maternidad y maternalismo político, and “Las prácticas anticonceptivas .” Notes to Pages –|| || . Of particular interest for this analysis is the work of Rebecca Cook, who connects human rights norms to reproductive and sexual rights. Her work exposes legislation and population policies that have often ignored women’s own perceptions of their needs. See, for example, Cook,“Human Rights and Reproductive Self-Determination.” For a definition of reproductive and sexual rights, and the core notion of “bodily integrity” or “control over one’s body,” see Correa and Petchesky,“Reproductive and Sexual Rights.” Like the history of women’s rights, motherhood has had growing significance in studies of women and gender roles in Latin America. One of the classic approaches is Chaney, Supermadre. Also see her own more recent assessment, Chaney, “Supermadre Revisited.” For an interesting study of alternative constructions of motherhood, see Fiol-Matta, Queer Mother for the Nation. .Homero Manzi’s tango“El Sur”originated,of course,in BuenosAires—but tangos, when available, were popular in Chile. For reference to the complex sentiments connected to change and modernization, see, for example,Wilson, Buenos Aires, .The daily El Mercurio considered alcoholism “the source of all the ills of which our people complain.”This was perhaps overstated but nonetheless showed the widespread sense of crisis in the s. See Walter, Politics and Urban Growth in Santiago,–. . “Conservemos a los niños y cuidemos a las madres,” El Mercurio,April , , as cited in Hutchison, Labors Appropriate toTheir Sex,. . See especially Rosemblatt, Gendered Compromises,and Hutchison, Labors Appropriate to Their Sex. Rosemblatt’s distinctive characterization of the Popular Front coalitions exposes the gendered dimensions of the compromise state in this period: in return for making workingclass citizens respectable and for giving (limited) rights to women and men, state agencies and political leaders secured the male-led nuclear family as the foundation of social order. Hutchison’s LaborsAppropriate toTheir Sex focuses...
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