Colonial Meltdown: Northern Nigeria in the Great Depression

Index

213 Brown, Gordon, 1 Burns, Alan, 51 Burundi colonial economic policies, 4 Cameron, Donald, 34–37 chiefs: change in role, 46–47, 70, 151; as deceitful, 158; extortion/ embezzlement and, 67–68, 147–48, 159–60; indirect rule and, 64–70, 168–69; legitimacy of, 15–16, 46–47, 65; privilege, 160; taxation and, 44, 46, 64–70, 151, 157–62; tensions/ disputes, 65–66 child labor, 78–80 chinku silver coins, 94–95 Clifford, Hugh, 104 coercion, 12, 14 Cole-Edwards, Samuel, 100–120, 170–71; background, 101–2; grievances, 101–4; legacy, 119–20; as publisher, 105–12; as subversive, 107–12. See also Nigerian Protectorate Ram (newspaper) colonialism: administrative hierarchy, 47; anticolonialism, 8, 18, 24, 71, 101– 7, 119–20, 170–71; capitalism, 5–7, 9, 10; complacency and, 168; crises and, 7–15, 172; criticism of, 100–101, 106–12; forces shaping Depression events, 19–21; fundamental failures, 15, 100; power and, 14–15, 168–69; predevelopment, 11; self-preservation of, 25. See also exploitation; indirect rule Colonial Office (London), 7, 25, 36 colonial paternalism. See welfare Congo Basin Agreement (1884–85), 38 Conklin, Alice, 11 Cooper, Frederick, 54, 78, 172, 176n10, 178n28 cooperative societies. See esusu cooperative-credit system Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine, 11 cotton cultivation. See agricultural production/exports; textile exports Index Aba Women’s War (1929), 49 Abdallah, Raji, 170 Abubakar, Mallam. See Balewa, Abubakar Tafawa Adeolaojo, Pa David, 200n77, n79 African middlemen, 58–59, 61–62 agricultural production/exports: contradictory policies, 113–14; dependence on, 49; direct taxation, 49; fall in prices, 33–34, 50–51, 52–55, 148; imperial economy and, 32–33; increased demand, 6–7; interventions, 25, 39–42; involution and, 10; map, 27; small-scale production, 149 Ampiah, Kweku, 39 Anglo-French Free Trade Convention (1898), 38 anticolonialism, 8, 18, 24, 71, 101–7, 119–20, 170–71 antitax revolts, 16 Anyebe, A. P., 128 Ayre, Mr., 134–36 Baba-Hallah, Ibrahim, 170 backwardness, 18, 42, 122, 125, 128, 146, 164, 179n32 Balewa, Abubakar Tafawa, 117–19, 170 barter system, 93 Bauchi Discussion Circle (BDC), 119, 171 Bauchi General Improvement Union (BGIU), 171 BDC. See Bauchi Discussion Circle (BDC) Belgian Congo colonial economic policies, 4 Benue River bridge, 45, 73, 80 Berry, Sara, 92 BGIU. See Bauchi General Improvement Union (BGIU) Boone, Catherine, 3 brass rods as currency, 129–30, 149–50 British Cotton Growers Association, 6 Brousse, Paule, 115 214 w฀฀Index exploitation: agricultural interventions and, 39–42; colonial, 4–5, 10–14, 25; dual-mandate principle and, 11–13, 16, 110, 172; economic principles of, 2; failure of, 4–5, 166–67; suffering and, 4, 167 exports: duties, 30; imperial economy and, 32, 121; world market and, 8–9. See also imperial preference policy; specific goods famine: causes, 16, 47, 55–57, 62–64; response to, 3, 63; taxation and, 63, 167 farm raider. See sojan gona Ferguson, Niall, 176n10 food shortage causes, 16, 47, 57–58, 62–64 Freund, Bill, 72, 149 Geertz, Clifford, 10 Genova, James, 46 geography of Northern Nigeria, 26, 47, 48–51, 177n19 Girouard, Percy, 6 global economics. See world markets gold mining. See under mining industry Goshit, Zakariah, 87 grasshopper invasion, 55–56 groundnut cultivation. See agricultural production/exports gum cultivation. See agricultural production/exports Guyer, Jane, 160 Hardt, Michael, 2 Hausa-British modernity, 114 Hausa language, 161–62 Hausa traders, 125–27, 141 Hogendorn, Jan, 78 Holt, John, 110 human trafficking, 78–80 Hutchinson, Rev., 135, 137–38, 140 Ibn Sanda, Mustapha, III, 170 Idoma Division, 19–21, 24; as backward, 18, 42, 122, 125, 128, 146, 164, 179n32; colonial policy, 124–27; currency scarcity, 129–30; economic crisis, 122–23, 127–33; food crop cultivation in, 128–29; Hausa traders in, 125–27, 141; map, 122; marginality of, 121, 146; migration and, 123, 143–45; mining counterfeiting. See currency counterfeiting crafts, local, 86 criminality: fight against, 77; railway and, 80–85; self-help and, 23, 71–72, 98; unemployment and, 75–78, 186n13 Crocker, W. R., 1, 84–85, 126, 152–56, 156–61, 188n39 currency counterfeiting, 16, 23, 72, 93–99, 130, 150–51, 169 Dauda, Yusuf Utohu, 189n63 Davies, Mike, 3 diamonds. See under mining industry direct rule. See under indirect rule Dodds, Rev., 134–35, 137 dual-mandate principle. See under exploitation economic recovery policy: British, 15, 23, 25, 28–32, 45, 93, 113–15, 131–32; chiefly privilege and, 15–16, 160; contradictory policies, 113–14; core activities, 34; crisis in, 18, 113; criticism of...