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Note on Orthography This book makes extensive reference to written documents and oral testimonies in several languages, most notably Wolof, French, and Arabic. I have opted for a simplified orthography in transcribing foreign languages into English . I omit all diacritics except in book and article titles and in French words, and I use the double vowel to express the elongated Arabic and Wolof sounds. I also have chosen not to adopt special symbols for consonants that have no equivalents in roman script, such as the ng and gn in Wolof. I use the consonant j to render the Wolof sound dj and the consonant c to render the sound thie, but I retain kh as in khidma and q as in qadi. Plurals of nouns are marked by adding s to the singular. I have kept Wolofized Arab words in their Wolof spelling, unless in titles of Arabic books or names of Arabs and Mauritanians. Proper names of African actors and places, except for authors of widely known published works, are spelled following the preceding rules. xiii You are reading copyrighted material published by Ohio University Press/Swallow Press. Unauthorized posting, copying, or distributing of this work except as permitted under U.S. copyright law is illegal and injures the author and publisher. Important places in Amadu Bamba’s life (map made with the the technical contribution of Eric Ross) You are reading copyrighted material published by Ohio University Press/Swallow Press. Unauthorized posting, copying, or distributing of this work except as permitted under U.S. copyright law is illegal and injures the author and publisher. ...

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