The Piri Reis Map of 1513

Notes

NOTES INTRODUCTION 1. Most maps from the late Middle Ages and early Renaissancehave disappeared, so some caution must be used in generalizing from the relativelysmall number that have survived. See R. A. Skelton, Maps: A Historical Survey of Their Study and Collecting (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975), 26; and Wilcomb E. Washburn, ed., Proceedings of the Vinland Map Conference (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971),56. 2. Paul Kahle, Die Verschollene Columbus-Karte von 1498 in einer Türkischen Weltkarte von 1513 (Berlin:Walter de Gruyter, 1933), 51-52; and Charles H. Hapgood, Maps of the Ancient Sea-Kings: Evidence of Advanced Civilizationin the IceAge (NewYork: Chilton, 1966), 38 fig. 18, 254-60. 3. William H. Babcock, Legendary Islands of the Atlantic:A Study in Medieval Geography , AmericanGeographical Research Series, no. 8 (NewYork: American Geographical Society, 1922), 187-88; and Zdenëk Kukal, Atlantis in the Light of Modern Research (Amsterdam: Elsevier,1984),54. 4. The lands of the Western Hemisphere were, of course, discovered tens of thousands of yearsago by people from Asia long beforethe Norse, Columbus, Cabot, Cabrai, or any other Europeans "discovered" America. The term discovery has been used for so long to characterize the geographical expansion of Europeans, particularly from the fifteenth century onwards, that it continues to be an acceptable and appropriate word. The implied ethnocentricity has been more than adequately revealed and made explicit such that the connotation no longer applies. For a discussion of the various meanings and the uses of the word discovery in the context of European geographical expansion, see Clinton Edwards,"The Discoveriesof Mexico and the Meaningof Discovery,"Terme Incognitae 17(1985): 61-67. 5. Andrew Sinclair, The Sword and the Grail: Of the Grail and the Templars and the True Discovery of America (NewYork: Crown, 1992), 16,109, in. 6. The format used for listing the maps in appendix A is based upon that used in Lawrence C. Wroth, "The Early Cartographyof the Pacific,"Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 38, no. 2 (1944): 237-66; and Lawrence C. Wroth, The Voyages of Giovanni da Verrazzano, 1524-1528 (New Haven: Yale UniversityPress, 1970), 288-305. CHAPTER ONE The Life of Pin Reis i. This summary of the life of Piri Reis is based on A. Afetinan, The Oldest Map of America, Drawn by Piri Reis, trans. Léman Yolaç (Ankara: Turk Tarih Kurumu Basi157 mevi, 1954), 6-15; A. Afetinan, Life and Works ofPiri Reis, Publications of Turkish Historical Association, S. VII, no. 693, trans. Leman Yolaç and Engin Uzmen (Ankara: Turkish Historical Association, 1975), 9-17, 56-59; Franz Babinger, "Piri Muhyi '1-Din Re'is," in Encyclopedia of Islam, ed. M. Th. Houtsma (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1936), 3:107071 ; Mert Bayât, foreword to Kitab-i Bahriye, by Piri Reis, 4 vols. (Istanbul: Historical Research Foundation, 1988), 1:16-18; Andrew Hess, "Piri Reis and thé Ottoman Response to the Voyages of Discovery," Terme Incognitae 6 (1974): 21-29; Kahle, Columbus-Karte von 1498, 11-15; Svat Soucek, "Piri Re'is," in Encyclopedia of Islam (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1993 [1960- ]), 8:308-9; George William Frederick Stripling, The Ottoman Turks and the Arabs,1511-1574, Illinois Studies in thé Social Sciences, vol. 26, no. 4 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1942), 94~95î and Sevim Tekeli, "Pirï Rais (or Re'is), Muhyï alD ïn," in Dictionary of Scientific Biography, ed. Charles Coulston Gillispie (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1974), 10:616-19. Piri Reis appears as a character in the novel The Wanderer by Mika Waltari, trans. Naomi Walford (New York:G. P.Putnam's Sons, 1951). The Piri Reis map and its alleged depiction of subglacial Antarctica play an important role in the science fiction novel by Allan W. Eckert, The HAB Theory (Boston: Little, Brown, 1976). 2. Afetinan, Life and Works, 9. 3. Basic studies of the Bahriye include Paul Kahle, ed. and trans., Piri Re'îs, Bahrîje: Das türkische Segelhandbuch für das Mittelländische Meer vom Jahre 1521, 2 vols. (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1926-27); Paul Kahle, "Piri Reis und seine Bahrije," in Beitrage zur historischen Geographie, Kulturgeographie, Ethnographie, und Kartographie, vornehmlich des Orients, ed. Hans Mzik (Leipzig: F. Deuticke, 1929); Piri Reis, Kitab-i Bahriye, facsimile of 1526 manuscript in the Ayasofya Library, no. 2612, Turkish Historical Society Publication, no. 2 (Istanbul: Turk Tarih Kurumu, 1935); Piri Reis, Kitab-i Bahriye, facsimile of 1526 manuscript in the Ayasofya Library, no. 2612, éd. Ertugrul Zek...