Deluxe Jim Crow: Civil Rights and American Health Policy, 1935-1954

Notes

|| 299 || Notes Abbreviations AJPH American Journal of Public Health Black Student Admissions Records of the Office of Health Affairs, Dean of the School of Medicine, Walter Reece Berryhill Series, Subgroup 1, Series 3, Office of Student Affairs, Minority Students: Black Student Admissions Folder, University Archives, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Ewing Papers Oscar R. Ewing Papers, Harry S. Truman Presidential Library, Independence, Mo. fsla Florida State Library and Archives, Tallahassee HB Health Bulletin JAMA Journal of the American Medical Association JNMA Journal of the National Medical Association mcc North Carolina Medical Care Commission Records, North Carolina State Archives, Raleigh NCMJ North Carolina Medical Journal ncsa North Carolina State Archives, Raleigh Parran Papers Thomas Parran Jr. Papers, University Archives, University of Pittsburgh Pepper Papers Claude Pepper Papers, Claude Pepper Library, Florida State University, Tallahassee RC Raleigh Carolinian shc Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Truman Papers Harry S. Truman Papers, Harry S. Truman Presidential Library, Independence, Mo. unca University Archives, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Introduction 1. Baltimore Afro-American, August 13, 1927, in The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, ed. Robert A. Hill, vol. 6, September 1924–December 1927 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), 582; Williams, Thurgood Marshall, 182; “Crushing Irony,” 386–87; Brandt, No Magic Bullet, 4. || 300 || notes to introduction and chapter one 2. Kluger, Simple Justice, 212. 3. Carl V. Reynolds, “Annual Report of the North Carolina State Board of Health,” HB 61.6 (1946): 12; Walker Percy, “The Southern Moderate,” in Signposts in a Strange Land, ed. Patrick Samway (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1991), 95–97. 4. Ferguson, Black Politics, 8, 222–23. 5. Starr, Social Transformation, 281. 6. Williamson, Crucible of Race, 322–23. 7. Plank and Turner, “Changing Patterns,” 586. Chapter 1. The Roots of Deluxe Jim Crow 1. Elna C. Green, ed., Before the New Deal: Social Welfare in the South, 1830–1930 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1999); Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (New York: Harper and Row, 1988), 216; Duffy, Sanitarians, 159–61; U.S. Public Health Service, 1945 Annual Report, 335. 2. Walls, “Hot Springs Waters,” 430–35. 3. George Chauncey, Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940 (New York: Basic Books, 1994), 36; John Kasson, Amusing the Million: Coney Island at the Turn of the Century (New York: Hill and Wang, 1978), 11–17; Kenneth T. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 116–20, 132; Walls, “Hot Springs Waters,” 430–35. 4. Mullan, Plagues and Politics, 54–58, 63–65; Duffy, Sanitarians, 221–34; Harry M. Marks, “Vital Statistics in a Federalist Republic,” paper presented at Public Health and the State Conference Columbia University, New York, September 2005; Starr, “The Boundaries of Public Health,” in Social Transformation, 180–97. 5. Williamson, Crucible of Race, 72–76, 247–48, 323; Samuel Kelton Roberts Jr., Infectious Fear: Politics, Disease, and the Health Effects of Segregation (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 107–38. 6. Williamson, Crucible of Race, 72–76, 247–48, 323; Hubert B. Haywood, “President ’s Address: Medical Problems in North Carolina,” NCMJ 2.6 (1941): 276; Wailoo, Drawing Blood, 141–49; Allan Chase, The Legacy of Malthus: The Social Costs of the New Scientific Racism (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1977), 166–75, 270–73; Barkan, Retreat of Scientific Racism, 1–4; Love, One Blood, 183–85; Schoen, Choice and Coercion; McBride, From TB to AIDS, 15–19. 7. Marks, “Vital Statistics,” 3, 7; William J. Harris, “The Importance of Vital Statistics Legislation in the South,” Southern Medical Journal 8.10 (1915): 831; Duffy, Sanitarians, 180; Alan M. Kraut, Silent Travelers: Germs, Genes, and the “Immigrant Menace” (New York: Basic Books, 1994); Judith Walzer Leavitt, Typhoid Mary: Captive to the Public’s Health (Boston: Beacon, 1996). notes to chapter one || 301 || 8. Ettling, Germ of Laziness, 4, 83, 172–76; Wailoo, Drawing Blood, 140. Ettling insists that Stiles’s findings on racial differences in infection rates were “value-neutral” (176) and that southern polemicists, not Stiles, stereotyped blacks as disease carriers . Wailoo, however, cites Stiles’s article, “Hookworm Disease in Its Relation to the Negro,” Southern Medical Journal 2.11 (1909): 1125–26, which states that hookworm infection was more severe among whites than...