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ix Illustrations Figures 1. Selling gum in Quito / 2 2. Map of Ecuador / 3 3. Community members from the village of Calhuasí / 19 4. Looking south from Calhuasí Grande / 20 5. Looking northwest from Calhuasí Grande / 20 6. Map of north Quito / 27 7. Hours worked per day by age and gender / 34 8. Percentage of children engaged in domestic activities / 35 9. Percentage of children engaged in agricultural activities / 35 10. Percentage of children engaged in shepherding and collecting activities / 36 11. Children gathered at a broken classroom window / 38 12. A mother and three of her children / 56 13. Percentage of children who contribute to household income / 59 14. Straddling the concrete divider / 61 15. Cartwheel kids / 64 16. Reformulating identities / 70 17. Thirteen-year-old boy selling gum / 79 18. Boys and their new bikes / 87 19. A new concrete block house / 88 20. Inside the kitchen of a concrete block house / 89 Tables 1. Calhuasí Grande student aspirations / 39 2. Calhuasí Chico student aspirations / 39 3. Working children’s family structures / 60 4. Ethnic-racial self-identification / 73 This page intentionally left blank ...

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