Uneven Development: Nature, Capital, and the Production of Space

Notes

267 Notes Introduction 1. For an early example, see David Harvey, Social Justice and the City (London , 1973). See also Henri Lefebvre, The Survival of Capitalism (London, 1976); David Harvey, The Limits to Capital (Oxford, 1982); Michel Aglietta, A Theory of Capitalist Regulation (London, 1979); Nigel Harris, Of Bread and Guns (Harmondsworth, 1983); J. Carney, R. Hudson and J. Lewis (eds), Regions in Crisis: New Perspectives in European Regional Theory (London, 1980); Michael Dunford and Diane Perrons, The Arena of Capital (London, 1983). 2. H. J. Mackinder, “The Geographical Pivot of History,” Geographical Journal 23 (1904), pp. 421–37. 3. Ernest Mandel, Trotsky: A Study in the Dynamic of His Thought (London, 1979), p. 34. 4. V. I. Lenin, The Development of Capitalism in Russia (Moscow, 1977 edn). See also Imperialism, The Highest Stage of Capitalism (Peking, 1975 edn). 5. See for example Michael Lowy’s recapitulation of the political idea and sympathetic assessment in a modern light in The Politics of Combined and Uneven Development (London, 1981). 6. Karl Marx, Capital, 3 volumes (New York, 1967), 3, p. 175; Theories of Surplus Value, 3 volumes (London, 1969), 1, p. 410. Chapter One: The Ideology of Nature 1. Earl Finbar Murphy, Governing Nature (Chicago, 1967), p. 11; M. Horkheimer and T. Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment (New York, 1972). 2. Yirmiahu Yovel, Kant and the Philosophy of History (Princeton, 1980), p. 181, passim; R. G. Collingwood, The Idea of Nature (London, 1945), pp. 116–20. 3. In this connection see the definitive work of Clarence Glacken which treats the history of concepts of nature, from ancient times to the eighteenth century , from a particularly geographical perspective: Traces on the Rhodian Shore (Berkeley, 1967). 4. Benjamin Farrington, Francis Bacon: Philosopher of Industrial Science (New York, 1961); Paulo Rossi, Francis Bacon: From Magic to Science (London , 1968); William Leiss, The Domination of Nature (Boston, 1974), ch. 3. 5. “Of the Proficience and Advancement of Learning, Divine and Humane,” quoted in Leiss, Domination of Nature, pp. 56–57. 6. For example: “geometry is founded in mechanical practice, and is nothing but that part of universal mechanics which accurately proposes and demonstrates the art of measuring”—quoted in Max Jammer, Concepts of Space (Cambridge, Mass., 1969), p. 96. 7. Rossi, Francis Bacon, p. 26. 8. For an interesting discussion of Newton, see Jammer, Concepts of Space, ch. 4. This entire issue of the relation between space and matter is taken up again and treated in greater detail in chapter 3. 9. Edward Wilson, Sociobiology (Cambridge, Mass., 1975); On Human Nature (Cambridge, Mass., 1978); Arthur Caplan, The Sociobiology Debate (New York, 1978). 10. Carl Friedrich von Weizsacker, The Unity of Nature (New York, 1980), pp. 6–7. 268 Notes to Pages 5–18 11. Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land (Cambridge, Mass., 1950), p. 260; Leo Marx, The Machine in the Garden (New York, 1964), p. 110. 12. Marx, Machine in the Garden, p. 72; Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven, 1967), p. 8. On nature and nationalism, see Perry Miller’s study of Nature’s Nation (Cambridge, Mass., 1967), especially ch. 1 on “The Shaping of the American Character.” 13. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, 2 volumes (New York, 1945 edn), 2, p. 78. 14. Nash, Wilderness, pp. 28–43. 15. Sam Bass Warner, The Urban Wilderness (New York, 1972). “Urban frontier” and “urban pioneer” are comparatively recent terms referring to the conquest of inner-city working-class neighborhoods by white middle-class professionals : the evils and dark haunts of urban “blight” are thereby conquered and civilization is served in the name of social progress for all. The metaphor is exact. 16. Barbara Novak, Nature and Culture: American Landscape and Painting 1825–1875 (New York, 1980), pp. 101–34. 17. Nash, Wilderness, p. 44. 18. Peter Schmitt, Back to Nature (New York, 1969). 19. Miller, Nature’s Nation, p. 197; George Mowry, The Urban Nation 1920– 1960 (New York, 1965), p. 2. See also Morton and Lucia White, The Intellectual Versus the City (Oxford, 1977), for a discussion of “anti-urban ideology.” 20. Novak, Nature and Culture, p. 17; the phrase “christianized naturalism” is Perry Miller’s. See also Albert K. Weinberg, Manifest Destiny (Gloucester, Mass., 1958). 21. Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Nature,” in Selected Writings (New York, 1965), pp. 186–223. 22. Marx, Machine in the Garden, p. 96. 23. Novak, Nature and Culture, p. 157. So entrenched...