The American Kaleidoscope: Race, Ethnicity, and the Civic Culture

Contents

Contents Acknowledgments / xiii Preface / xv ONE. THE CIVIC CULTURE AND VOLUNTARY PLURALISM / I I. "True Americanism": The Foundations of the Civic Culture / 7 Three IdeasAboutImmigrants andMembership: Massachusetts, Virginia, andPennsylvania / 7 Can Immigrants LearnNew RepublicanPrinciples? /12 The PennsylvaniaApproach Prevails: EqualRights Regardless ofReligion orNationality / I6 The Ethnic-Americanization ofthe Germans / I9 Economic Self-Interest andPatriotism /23 The CivilReligion Sanctifies the Civic Culture / 30 2. "Reinforcements to Republicanism": Irish Catholic Response to the Civic Culture / 35 Guarding the Civic Culture: What toDoAbout CatholicImmigration / 37 The Irish Response: Americanization Through Politics /42The Civic Culture and theIrish /49 3. More Slovenian and More American: How the Hyphen Unites / 54 Immigrationfrom Southern andEastern Europe /ss Guarding the Gates:A Racial View ofAmericanIdentity / s6 Efforts toAmencanize theNewcomers / 6I Italians andJews Claim TheirAmericanIdentity / 67 Strengthening the Civic Culture Through Voluntary Pluralism / 69 1WO. OUTSIDE THE CIVIC CULTURE: THE COERCIVE PLURALISMS / 77 4. "Go Back to the Country from Whence You Came": Predatory Pluralism and the Native American Response / 80 Vll Vlll CONTENTS 5. "This Fourth ofJuly Is Yours": Mrican-Americans and Caste Pluralism / 87 The EarlyAgreementto Exclude Blacks.fromParticipation in theRepublic / 87 The ChangingNature ofCasteAfterEmancipation /94 The Depression: Tightening the Boundaries ofCaste / 100 Black PoliticalAction Before the Second World War / lOS 6. "I Go Sad and Heavy Hearted": Sojourner Pluralism for Asians and Mexicans / no KeepingAsian Sojourners in Their Place / II2 Mexican Sojourners: Turning the Spigot On and Off/ II8 The BigBracero Program / 122 7. ''The Road ofHope": Asians and Mexicans Find Cracks in the System / 128 Cracks in the System: The Chinese / 128 Cracks in the System: TheJapanese / 131 Cracks in the System: TheMexicans / 134Opportunitiesfor Blacks andAsians andMexicans Compared / 137 Ethnic Stratification: When Sojourners andBlacksMet / 14S THREE. THE OUTSIDERS MOVE IN: THE TRIUMPH OF THE CIVIC CULTURE / 149 8. "Do You Understand Your Own Language?": Black Americans' Attack on Caste / 151 Dismantling Caste in the Courts / IS2 The Decline ofRacialIdeology in the Second World War / IS4 The BlackRevolution, Martin LutherKing, Jr., and the CivilReligion /Is8 The CivilRightsRevolution on Television / IS9 Revolution in theMinds ofWhites andBlacks / 163 The PresidentialResponse: Kennedy andJohnson /I6s The Battle ofSelma / 169 The Voting RightsActof196s / I7I 9. ''They Never Did Really See.Me": The Assertion ofBlack Ethnic Identity / 174 The BlackDebate Over What to Call Themselves / 181 The BlackPowerMovement and Urban Riots / IlJ4. 10. ''We Want Full Participation": Mrican-Americans and Coalition Politics / 190 BlackElected Officials and Coalition Politics / 192 JesseJackson's Two Rainbows / 197 CONTENTS IX The Surge ofBlackPoliticalParticipation / 199 The End ofBlack Separatism as aPoliticalMovement / 202 II. ''We Have to Be Part ofthe Political System": Redefining Tribal Pluralism / 206 FacilitatingIndian Power: The Economic OpportunityActof1964 /207 New Indian Policy Callingfor Self-Determination /210 Litigating andNegotiating theBoundaries ofTribal Pluralism /214Participating in the Political System / 217 The New Tribal Pluralism and theIssue ofSovereignty /219 BeingIndian andAmerican /222 12. "America Is in the Heart": Asian Sojourners No Longer / 225 Loyalty andFear:Japanese-Americans in the Second World War / 226 The Chinese and theJapanese Break the Barriers /230 Asian-Americans and the Process ofEthnic-Americanization / 23413 . "Can't They See? I Love This Country ...": MexicanAmericans and the Battle Against Sojourner Pluralism / 239 LaRaza/uo The PoliticalAgendaofthe1960sand1970S /24J TheMovementforFarm Workm'Rights / 24S Curtailing the Flow ofIllegalAliens /247 The 1979 Select Commission onImmigration andRefugeePolicy /2S0 The Immigration Reform and ControlActof1986 / 252 The Fear ofMexican-American Separatism / 2SS Increasing Success ofMexican-Americans in Politics / 257 Mexican-Americans and the Civic Culture /262 FOUR. THE AMERICAN KALEIDOSCOPE: THE ETHNIC LANDSCAPE, 1970-1989/273 14. The Blood ofAll Nations: The Sources of Ethnicity Become Global / 275 Not aMelting Pot, aKaleidoscope /276 LoosenedRestrictions Since Ig6S /278 EvenMoreDiversity Than Meets the Eye /283 15. "From the Mountains, to the Prairies, to the Oceans ...": The Spread ofEthnic Diversity / 289 Immigrants Come to the South / 290 The WideDistribution ofAsianImmigrants andAsian-Americans /291 The Spread ofHispanics Throughout the U.S. /293 TheInternalMigration ofAfrican-Americans / 294 x CONTENTS The Spread ofAmerican Indians / 295 PredominantlyBlack Cities / 296 The New Immigrant Cities /298 Cities ofOldImmigration /302 World Cities /303 16. Tacos and Kimchee: The Quickening Pace of Ethnic Interaction / 305 Arenas ofInteraction:Multiethnic Neighborhoods andEthnic Food /309 Arenas ofInteraction: The Churches /3II Arenas ofInteraction: The Schools /312 ArenasofInteraction: HigherEducation /316 Arenas ofInteraction: TheArmed Services /318 Arenas ofInteraction: The Workplace /319 ArenasofInteraction: Labor Unions and Social ServiceAgencies /321 TheAmericanMultiethnic Consciousness /323 17. The Kashaya and the Nyingma: Identities and Boundaries / 326 Permeable EthnicBoundaries andIntermarriage / 327 The Reconfiguration ofEthnicity: SocialPressures andIndividual Choice /33I 18. "The Wish ofthe Founding Fathers": Third...