Filipino Crosscurrents: Oceanographies of Seafaring, Masculinities, and Globalization

Notes

N O T E S Preface 1. This preface is inspired by Pablo Neruda’s poem, entitled “First Sea.” See Neruda, “First Sea.” 2. Filipino language words are not italicized in this book. Following and agreeing with historian Noe Noe Silva’s approach, I do not to italicize Filipino language words in this book. Silva states that she does not italicize Hawaiian words in her book Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism “to resist making the native tongue appear foreign.” See Silva, Aloha Betrayed, 13. 3. Tricycles are motorcycles with sidecars that are used for short-distance local transportation in the Philippines. One to four people can generally fit on a tricycle (at least the kind found in Malolos; other styles of tricycles are available on other islands, some able to accommodate more passengers). 4. For a compelling analysis of Elvis Presley’s Blue Hawaii, see Isaac, American Tropics. Introduction 1. Sekula, Fish Story. 2. Globalization is defined in Inda and Rosaldo, “Introduction,” and world capitalist system is discussed in Wallerstein, “The Rise and Future Demise.” 3. Tuan, Space and Place. 4. For an insightful ethnography of Wall Street, finance, stockbrokers, and capitalism, see Ho, Liquidated. 5. Greenlaw, The Hungry Ocean. See also Ghosh, The Hungry Tide, and Dyson, Come Hell or High Water. 6. Junger, The Perfect Storm. 192 N OT ES TO I N T R O D U CT I O N 7. Gore, An Inconvenient Truth. 8. On choke-points, see Nincic, “Sea Lane Security.” On reading Somali piracy as a disruption of economic globalization, see Fajardo, “Piracy in the Gulf of Aden.” 9. This figure appears to continue to rise. Despite a recession in several regions of the world, the Philippine Department of Labor and Employment reported that OFW deployment increased by 30 percent in 2008 (compared with 2007). The Philippine Overseas Employment Agency (POEA) reported that 1,376,823 Filipinos left the Philippines in 2008. See Ubalde, “OFW deployment in 2008 up by 30%.” 10. Sassen, “Whose City Is It?, 73. 11. Fujita-Rony, “Water and Land.” 12. Landingin, “Every Six Hours.” 13. “Pinoy Seamen Remit $2 Billion.” In 2005 Filipino seamen remitted $1.669 billion to the Philippines; in 2006 $1.949 billion and in 2007 $2.236. For the sake of comparison, in 2008, land-based OFWs (as a whole) contributed $9.879 billion in the first nine months (of 2008), an increase of 12.17 percent. 14. Burgonio, “OFW Remittances up 15.5%.” 15. On gender and performativity, see Butler, “Performative Acts and Gender Constitution” and Gender Trouble. 16. Halberstam, Female Masculinity, 1. 17. On understanding “formation,” see Omi and Winant, Racial Formation in the United States, 66. Writing against essentialist notions of race, Omi and Winant understand racial formation as historical and political processes. They write, “The racial order is organized and enforced by the continuity and reciprocity between micro-level and macro-level of social relations.” Similarly, writing against essentialist notions of gender, Butler theorizes “gender as performance” (via linguistic and bodily repetition, always in social and historical contexts). See Butler, Gender Trouble. 18. Halberstam, Female Masculinity, 1. 19. On intersectionality, see, for example, Crenshaw, “Mapping the Margins”; Collins, Black Feminist Thought; and bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman?; among others. 20. Because of space limitations, I am not able to fully explain how and why sex/gender became distinct in European contexts. For a recently published explanation , see Valentine, Imagining Transgender, especially chapter 4, “The Making of a Field: Anthropology and Transgender Studies.” Drawing significantly from the anthropology of sex/gender in Southeast Asian contexts, Valentine discusses how sex/gender are not usually/rigidly separated in Southeast Asian contexts, and he also discusses the cultural politics of how and why white gay, lesbian, and/or feminist scholars and activists tended to separate sex/gender in the twentieth century. 21. Fajardo, “Transportation.” 22. On the possibility of using literature as theory, see Christian, “The Race for Theory” and Tinsley, Thiefing Sugar. I thank Omise’eke Natasha Tinsley, who N OT ES TO I N T R O D U CT I O N 193 reminds us of the importance of Christian’s scholarship and shows through her own scholarship the theoretical and analytical possibilities of Christian’s ideas. 23. For an excellent summary and reader’s guide to Noli Me Tangere, see Francia, “Introduction to José Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere.” 24. Rizal...