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197 Notes Introduction 1. The dialogue in this scene is loosely based on the taping of Viviana’s story. She did not create the setting in detail or state exactly what Memo said as they waited, but she did explain that many people who filled the hall were observers , and she narrated the official’s questions and her answers. She and her son sought their citizenship shortly after he returned from Vietnam, and it is likely that he was telling her that the president’s name was Nixon. 2. Sherna Berger Gluck and Daphne Patai, eds., “Introduction,” Women’s Words: The Feminist Practice of Oral History (New York: Routledge, 1991), 3. 3. Lisa Krissoff Boehm, Making a Way out of No Way: African American Women and The Second Great Migration (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi , 2009), x. 4. Sandy Polishuk, Sticking to the Union: An Oral History of the Life and Times of Julia Ruuttila (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), 7. 5. Donald A. Ritchie, in his book Doing Oral History (New York: Twayne, 1995, 92), mentions that it is not uncommon for interviewees to “recall only events that cast themselves in a good light.” 6. Alessandro Portelli, The Battle of Valle Giulia: Oral History and the Art of Dialogue (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997), 3. 7. Boehm, Making a Way, 13. 8. Karen Anderson (Changing Woman: A History of Racial Ethnic Women in Modern America [New York: Oxford University Press, 1996], 113) points out that the Bracero program may have actually encouraged illegal immigration. Employers were willing to hire illegal immigrants, and “many workers found that they could secure better wages and conditions outside the legalities of the Bracero system.” Manuel G. Gonzales (Mexicanos: A History of Mexicans in the United States [Bloomington : Indiana University Press, 1999], 175) states, “It was the contract-labor program itself, as Manuel García y Griego argues, more than any other single factor, which seems to have stimulated the huge wave of indocumentados.” 9. Stephen R. Niblo, Mexico in the 1940s: Modernity, Politics, and Corruption (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1999), 3. 10. Ibid., 5. 11. Ibid., 23. 198 notes 12. Shirley Ann Wilson Moore, “‘Not in Somebody’s Kitchen’: African American Women Workers in Richmond, California, and the Impact of World War II,” in Elizabeth Jameson and Susan Armitage, eds., Writing the Range: Race, Class, and Culture in the Women’s West (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997), 514. 13. Gonzales, Mexicanos, 171. 14. Joon Kim, “The Political Economy of the Mexican Farm Labor Program , 1942–64,” Aztlán 29, no. 2 (Fall 2004): 17. Erasmo Gamboa adds that the Mexican government later included Idaho as a state to which it would not send braceros, also because of flagrant racism and abuses of Mexican workers (“Braceros in the Pacific Northwest, 1942–1947,” in Sucheng Chan, Douglas Daniels, Mario García, and Terry Wilson, Peoples of Color in the American West [Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath, 1994], 499). 15. Gonzales, Mexicanos, 176. 16. Devra Anne Weber, “Raiz Fuerte: Oral History and Mexicana Farmworkers ,” in Unequal Sisters: A Multicultural Reader in US Women’s History, 3rd ed., ed. Vicki L. Ruiz and Ellen Carol DuBois (New York: Routledge, 2000), 393. Chapter One 1. Many people in Mexico today do not call the uprisings of the 1910s a revolution , maintaining that they did little to change the political, social, or economic structures of the country. Tom Barry says that contrary to the impression that the Mexican Revolution was an agrarian revolution, as portrayed by some early scholarship and the Rivera murals, it was “essentially a dispute among national elites.” Tom Barry, Zapata’s Revenge: Free Trade and the Farm Crisis in Mexico (Boston: South End Press, 1995), 137. Ronald Takaki (A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America [Boston: Little, Brown, 1993], 315) calls the conflict a civil war, and Vicki L. Ruiz (From out of the Shadows: Mexican Women in TwentiethCentury America [New York: Oxford University Press, 1998], 8) does the same. 2. Julian Samora and Patricia Vandel Simon, A History of the MexicanAmerican People (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1993), 122. 3. Nan Elsasser, Kyle MacKenzie, and Yvonne Tixier y Vigil, Las Mujeres: Conversations from a Hispanic Community (New York: Feminist Press, 1980), 23–24. 4. Gloria Anzaldúa, “La Prieta,” in This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color, ed. Cherríe Moraga and Gloria Anzaldúa (New York: Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press, 1983...

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