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337 Index abstinence, 294 Afghanistan, 7, 293 alcohol, viii, 217, 225–26, 235, 271, 321. See also prohibition; regulation Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms (ATF), 316 Agencia Federal de Investigaciones (AFI), 72, 83, 87 Archivo General de la Nación (AGN), 130, 145n6 Association of Borderlands Scholars, vii, viii binational communities, viii, 3, 5, 219. See also business community border, 14–17, 195, 319. See also border voices; murders Border Patrol. See Customs and Border Protection; immigration; Immigration and Customs Enforcement Border Regions in Transition, vii, viii border security, 13, 209 Border Security Industrial Complex, 9, 226–27, 230 border voices, 22, 217, 220–21, 223–35 bureaucratic games, 314–17, 325 Bush, George H. W., 181, 182 Bush, George W., 40, 175, 177, 178–81 business community, 223, 225, 231, 233–34, 247–49; business structure of drug trade, 263–64, 281n3. See also maquiladoras Calderón, Felipe, 11, 12, 13, 15, 19, 39, 40, 41–46, 50, 53, 56, 66, 68, 71, 72, 74–77, 80–82, 85–86, 87, 88, 96, 127, 149–50, 154, 164–66, 193, 218, 227, 233, 239, 244, 314, 318, 319 cannabis. See marijuana; medical marijuana cartels, 34–56, 58n2, 70, 95–115, 150, 152, 157–66, 193–209, 217–18, 224, 234, 261–68, 271–80, 281n1, 286–87, 313, 317; definition, 115n1, 200; in United States, 298, 301–2. See also crime Carter, Jimmy, 8, 180 Centro de Inspección Fiscal y Aduanera (CIFA), 83 Centro de Investigación y Seguridad Nacional (CISEN), 71, 72 citizens. See civil society; immigration; nongovernmental organizations civil society, 8, 229–34, 239–54, 268–71. See also Drug Policy Alliance; human rights; nongovernmental organizations; Juárez Strategic Plan Clinton, Bill, 175, 179–81, 227 Clinton, Hillary, 55, 154 cocaine, 9, 15, 34, 37, 38, 151, 158, 217, 218, 226, 260, 286, 289, 290–92, 294, 299, 300, 303, 314, 315, 322 Colombia, 8, 11, 13, 34, 87, 151, 156, 158, 171n45, 167, 168, 207, 218, 231, 290, 293–94, 317, 318, 324 Comisión Nacional de Derechos Humanos (CNDH), 78. See also human rights Compañía Nacional de Subsistencias Populares (CONASUPO), 130 338 · Index corruption, 4, 11, 12, 13, 18, 19, 20, 36–38, 46–50, 85, 97, 100–101, 119–40, 150, 153, 206, 209, 222, 225, 227, 242–43, 262–64, 303, 313, 326; definition, 122; history, 125–27, 165, 167 coyotaje, 199–201 crime, 11, 13, 65–89, 149–69, 193, 241–54, 255n5, 258, 261–68; crime theory, 271–80. See also cartels; corruption criminal justice reforms, 84–85, 250. See also police culture of legality, 247 Customs and Border Protection (CBP), 49, 198, 201, 202, 204, 209, 225–26 de-Americanized war, 312. See also U.S. drug policy, globalized decriminalization, viii, 24, 26n8, 176, 180–81, 184, 221, 222, 227, 231, 233, 235, 258, 265, 269–71, 285–90, 304; in Mexico, 313–14, 322. See also harm reduction; regulation demand reduction, viii, 284, 290–91; demand stability over time, 34, 57. See also harm reduction democratic deficit, 16, 229, 322–23. See also bureaucratic games; civil society Department of Homeland Security (DHS), 40, 227–28. See also Customs and Border Protection; Immigration and Customs Enforcement Department of Justice (DOJ), 186, 187, 221 Dirección Federal de Seguridad (DFS), 120, 130, 131, 133, 136, 137, 139, 145n6 Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE), 248–49, 253 Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), 35, 38, 39, 41, 42, 51, 120, 150, 169n7, 174–76, 178, 180, 182, 183, 186, 187, 312–13, 315, 316 Drug Policy Alliance (DPA), 222, 231, 234 Ejército Popular Revolucionario (EPR), 71, 76 El Paso City Council, viii, 218, 230–34, 244 elections, 228–29, 245 executions. See crime; murders Federal Police, 77, 79, 83, 84, 224, 227, 239 federalism, 15, 21, 72–73, 82–84, 101, 126, 153, 161, 167, 174–88, 228, 234, 244–45, 255n7, 323 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 50 forfeiture laws, 322 Fox, Vicente, 8, 19, 39, 56, 67, 68–9, 71, 73, 75, 78, 80, 87, 149, 153 Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR), 179–80, 232 gender violence, 47, 88, 161 Global Commission on Drug Policy, 10, 25n4, 55, 222 gun smuggling, 12, 17, 55, 158–60, 224, 303, 316; in Central America, 159–60; Assault Weapons Ban, 11, 325 harm reduction approaches, 221, 231–32, 233, 235, 267, 268, 315, 321–22 health, public, 10, 189n5, 258–59, 268, 313, 326 heroin, 38, 217, 236, 260, 286, 287, 289, 292, 294, 299...

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