Homeownership Built to Last: Balancing Access, Affordability, and Risk after the Housing Crisis

Index

469 Index Aaronson, Daniel, 122 ABS (asset-backed securities). See Securities Acharya, Viral, 385 Adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs). See Loans, lenders, and lending; Mortgages and mortgage lending Affordable Housing Programs (AHPs; Federal Home Loan Banks), 4, 182, 328–29, 331–32, 333, 343 Affordable Housing Trust Fund, 342–43 Agarwal, Sumit, 331, 332–33 Age differences. See Demographics Agriculture, Department of (DOA; U.S.), 276. See also Rural Housing Service AHPs. See Affordable Housing Programs Albuquerque (N.M.), 148, 149–50, 156, 161, 162 Alley, Dawn E., 118 Ally Bank, 373 Ally Financial, 431 Ambrose, Brent, 384 American Dream, 153 American Dream Down Payment Initiative (2003), 4–5, 182 American Housing Survey, 62 American Securitization Forum, 443 AMI (area median income). See Economic issues—income Amromin, Gene, 235 Andrew Davidson and Company (AD&Co.) LoanDynamics Model, 298, 299 An, Xudong, 335, 361 Apgar, William C., 339, 359 Arber, Sara, 117 Area median income (AMI). See Economic issues Arizona, 149 ARMs (adjustable-rate mortgages). See Loans, lenders, and lending; Mortgages and mortgage lending Asset-backed securities (ABS). See Securities Assets for Independence (DHHS), 193 Athreya, Kartik, 387 Atlanta (Ga.), 44, 398 Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 35 Avery, Robert B., 334, 335 Ayres, Ian, 381 470 index Bair, Sheila, 422, 443 Bank of America, 427, 431 Bank of America Charitable Foundation, 1 Bankruptcy, 408–09 Banks and savings and loan associations: asset busts and, 374–75; banking crises and mortgage policies, 373, 390; charters of, 318; Community Reinvestment Act and, 40, 335; CRA Agreements and, 331; defaults and default risks of, 333, 362, 376; duties-to-serve mandate and, 21, 318; failures during the Panic of 1890, 375; financial holding companies and, 42; government support of, 319; holdings of securities and, 384; housing and mortgage crisis and, 45, 384; interest rates and, 41, 332; interstate branch banking, 318, 360; lending discrimination by, 34, 35; loan modifications and, 427, 431, 432; mergers of, 338; in minority and lower-income communities , 360–61; money market mutual funds and, 385; mortgages and, 359–60, 384, 427; overages and overage incentives , 362; political interference with, 374; redlining and, 33; reselling of loans, 42; risk standards and, 5–6; securitized processes and, 40–41; short-term guarantees , 385; special investment vehicles and, 384–85; state or government ownership of, 373–74; unweighted capital adequacy ratio of, 375. See also Federal Home Loan Banks; Loans, lenders, and lending; Mortgages and mortgage lending ; individual banks Barakova, Irina, 305 Barker, David, 121 Barr, Michael S., 335 Barrell, Ray, 375 Basel I and II (1988, 2004), 384 Basel III capital accord (2010–11), 340, 376, 385, 389 Basolo, Victoria, 112, 127 Bech-Danielsen, C., 148 Belsky, Eric S., 1–28, 57, 62–63, 65, 67, 68, 69–70, 72, 73, 74, 88, 89, 90, 107, 110 Benchmark market, 326, 331, 335 Beracha, Eli, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71 Bhutta, Neil, 44, 335 Block grants, 39, 40 Bocian, Debbie Gruenstein, 61 Boehm, Thomas P., 63, 70, 71, 72 Bordo, Michael, 375 Bostic, Raphael, 22, 331, 335, 351–71 Bowdler, Janice, 113 Boyle, Michael H., 113 Bracha, A., 107 Brevoort, Kenneth P., 334 British Household Panel Survey, 118 Bronx (N.Y.), 34 Brooklyn (N.Y.), 34 Brown v. Board of Education (1954), 46–47 Burgard, Sarah A., 114 Burrows, R., 118 Bush, George W., 50 Bush (George W.) administration, 4–5, 13, 421, 453 Cahill, D.J., 147 Cairney, John, 113 Calabria, Mark, 22, 372–93 Calder, A., 359 Calem, Paul S., 335 California, 55, 148–49, 302, 303, 367 Calomiris, Charles, 374, 375 Camden (N.J.), 34 Campbell, J. Y., 146–47 Canner, Glenn B., 44, 335 Cannuscio, Carolyn C., 119 CAP. See Community Advantage Program Capital Magnet Fund, 342–43 Capone, Charles A., Jr., 68, 69 CAPS. See Community Advantage Panel Survey Cardwell, Kaloma, 17, 31–49 Carter, George R., III, 379 Case, K. E., 148 index 471 CDBG. See Community Development Block Grant CDOs. See Collateralized debt obligations CFPB. See Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Champlain Housing Trust, 216 Chang, Yan, 62 Chicago, 34 Children’s behavior, 120–24. See also Teenagers Chinco, A., 306 Choi, Laura, 107 Cincinnati (Ohio), 35 CIPs. See Community Investment Programs Citicorp, 431 Citigroup, 427 Civil Rights Act of 1968, 38, 323. See also Fair Housing Acts Clinton, William J. (“Bill”), 50 Clinton (William J.) administration, 4, 13, 39 CLTs. See Community Land Trusts Cole, Mark, 22–23, 397–417 Collateralized debt obligations (CDOs), 308–09...