Difficult Transitions: Foreign Policy Troubles at the Outset of Presidential Power

Notes

169 Preface 1. Richard Neustadt, Presidential Power and the Modern Presidents: The Politics of Leadership from Roosevelt to Reagan (New York: Free Press, 1991), p. 248. 2. Clark Clifford with Richard Holbrooke, Counsel to the President: A Memoir (New York: Random House, 1991), p. 328. Chapter Two 1. Harry S. Truman, Memoirs by Harry S. Truman, vol. 1 (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1955), p. 5. 2. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York: W. W. Norton, 1969), p. 103. 3. Theodore C. Sorensen, Kennedy (New York: Harper & Row, 1965), pp. 227–28. 4. Henry Kissinger, White House Years (Boston: Little, Brown, 1979), p. 17. 5. Bill Clinton, My Life (New York: Vintage Books, 2005), p. 447. 6. Ibid., p. 466. 7. Ibid., p. 467. 8. Ibid. 9. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Mandate for Change, 1953–1956 (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1963), p. 107. 10. George Bush and Brent Scowcroft, A World Transformed (New York: Knopf, 1998), p. 29. 11. Ronald Reagan, An American Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), pp. 228, 229. 12. Henry Kissinger, Years of Renewal (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1999), p. 170. notes 13. Kissinger, White House Years, pp. 12–13. 14. Ibid., p. 14. 15. Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Adviser, 1977–1981 (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983), pp. 4, 12. 16. Kissinger, White House Years, p. 39. 17. Brzezinski, Power and Principle, p. 6. 18. Ibid., p. 14. 19. Ibid., p. 10. 20. Ibid., pp. 74–75. 21. Ibid., p. 78. 22. Cyrus Vance, Hard Choices: Critical Years in America’s Foreign Policy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983), p. 43. 23. Brzezinski, Power and Principle, p. 10. 24. Ibid., p. 14. 25. Kissinger, White House Years, p. 48. 26. Ibid., p. 15. 27. Brzezinski, Power and Principle, p. 13. 28. Ibid. 29. Ibid., p. 15. 30. Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed, p. 36. 31. George P. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (New York: Macmillan, 1993), p. 12. 32. Colin L. Powell, My American Journey (New York: Random House, 1995), p. 575. 33. Ibid. 34. Ibid., pp. 575, 576. 35. James A. Baker III, The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace 1989–1992 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1995), p. 28. 36. Ibid., p. 36. 37. Ibid. 38. Powell, My American Journey, p. 253. Powell worked for John Kester, special assistant to the secretary and the deputy secretary of defense, during the Carter-Reagan transition. See p. 233. 39. Sorensen, Kennedy, p. 249. 40. Kissinger, White House Years, p. 18. 41. James A. Baker III, “Work Hard, Study . . . And Keep out of Politics!” (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 2006), p. 334. Chapter Three 1. Arthur M. Schlesinger, A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), p. 426. 2. Frederick C. Mosher, W. David Clinton, and Daniel G. Lang, Presidential Transitions and Foreign Affairs (Louisiana State University Press, 1987), p. 6. 3. Caspar W. Weinberger, Fighting for Peace: Seven Critical Years in the Pentagon (New York: Warner Books, 1990), p. 24. 170 notes to pages 12–24 4. Alvin S. Felzenberg, The Keys to a Successful Presidency (Washington: Heritage Foundation, 2000), chap. 1 (www.heritage.org/Research/Features/Mandate/keys_ chapter1.cfm [September 20, 2008]). 5. Charles O. Jones, Passages to the Presidency: From Campaigning to Governing (Brookings, 1998), p. 92. Clinton announced he was going to change the Bush policy of turning back or returning Haitian refugees, after which many Haitians made preparations to head to the United States. 6. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Waging Peace, 1956–1961: The White House Years (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1965), pp. 617–18. 7. Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, p. 258. 8. Ibid. Also see Eric K. Stern, “Probing the Plausibility of Newgroup Syndrome: Kennedy and the Bay of Pigs,” in Beyond Groupthink: Political Group Dynamics and Foreign Policy-Making, edited by Paul ‘t Hart, Eric K. Stern, and Bengt Sundelius (University of Michigan Press, 1997). 9. Richard E. Neustadt, “Presidential Transitions: Are the Risks Rising?” Miller Center Journal I (1994): 4. These categories and some of the associated challenges are related to the three identified by Neustadt: newness, haste, and hubris. 10. Chris Demchak, “Wars of Disruption in Modern Society: Tailoring Institutions for the Emerging Information and Terrorism Age,” paper presented at the annual meeting of...