The Ideal Refugees: Gender, Islam, and the Sahrawi Politics of Survival

Index

321 Index Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations. Abdelaziz, Mohamed, 28, 31, 82n4, 117, 201 abductions, 248; of Aicha, Huria, and Fatimetu, 14n8, 173–74, 207–20, 268; and rape, 252–54. See also Embarek, Aicha, “abduction” of; SGBV age: adulthood, 50–54, 235; and camp demography, 87–89; and fertility, 135; and fitna (temptation), 135, 145, 163; and generation, 147–48, 186, 201–2, 232, 245; life cycle, 52, 135, 164, 232, 235; older generation, 53, 63, 102, 135–36, 147–48, 152, 163–64, 201, 229–30, 232; puberty, 53n12, 54, 97, 164, 210, 235, 239; and religious practices, 53, 135–36, 198, 200, 202. See also child care; children; youth aid: conditionalities of, 2, 9, 45, 173, 218, 238–39, 241; distribution of, 79, 91–93, 106, 223–24; gynocentric, 118; IFRC, 27; intimate, 112; NGO, 4, 9, 243, 258, 259, 264, 265; official, 62, 105, 112, 207, 223–24, 264, 265–66, 269; Sahrawi Red Crescent, 27, 91, 106; Spanish, 108, 110–11, 264; WFP, 84, 91–93, 103, 105. See also dependence; food Algeria/Algerians, 18, 153, 174, 186, 201, 267; refugee camps in, 1, 8, 26–27, 32, 34–35, 69–70, 83, 89n10, 90–91, 105; and SADR, 22, 23, 25, 28, 29–31, 85, 94; women, 128, 131, 133, 158, 162, 165, 183, 185–86, 267. See also Tindouf Arab Spring, 94n14, 254 “bad” (as descriptor): girls, 154, 231; refugees, 41, 266; researchers 4, 42, 247, 258 bādiya (desert), 18, 59–60, 89, 232, 234 Bedouin, 96, 103n20, 129–30, 140, 147n14, 234 Bellahi, Sid, 106 Bassir, Mohamed Sid Brahim (Bassiri), 21–22, 23 capital: financial (wealth), 55, 151, 152–53n22, 154, 164, 170, 228; social, 112, 149, 163, 189, 228, 239n17, 263; religious, 201 censorship, 34–35, 70; self-, 41–42, 196–97, 247–61 322 | index child care, 95, 106, 143, 155, 156, 163, 169, 201–2, 203, 209, 228n5, 231–33, 235, 237, 239n17, 240, 257 children, 43, 51, 87–89, 234–41; and birth family, 209–12; boys, 50, 164, 208, 235, 236n12; and education, 50–52, 63–64; eldest daughter, 40, 51, 145–46, 210, 236n12, 237–38, 240; fostering of, 151, 208–18; gender of, 52, 145, 235; girls, 50–55, 64–67, 87, 90n12, 97, 135–36, 145–46, 151–52, 154, 208–20, 229, 234–41, 251; rih ˙ la (activity trip), 145–46, 238–39, 257–58; spaces for, 234–36; UNICEF, 186, 235n11. See also age; education; schools; youth colonialism/colonial period, 47–78, 107–9, 121–24, 133–35, 151, 155, 180, 184–86, 189, 206–7, 229, 262–64; anticolonial movement/sentiment, 21–23, 55–57, 69–74, 77, 108, 121; and gender, 24, 47–78. See also education; postcolonial theory conceptual boundaries (“bright,” “blurred”), 172–86, 193, 204–6, 208–18 Cuba, 28, 120–24; doctors from, 35n27; Sahrawis educated in, 37, 57, 107, 130–31, 135, 141, 143–44, 146, 148–50, 153, 187–89, 222, 224, 229–30, 243–46 culture: authenticity, 33, 265; continuity, 201, 203, 209; gender and, 4, 68, 100, 176, 180, 248, 265; identity, 157, 209; Islamic, 198; oppressive, 212, 217n41; proximity, 146; supervisors, 188n13; survival, 13, 70. See also symbols demography, 31, 55, 86–89, 92, 242; colonial census, 25, 60–61; refugee census, 87, 93 dependence; on aid, 1, 31, 33, 41, 43, 80, 89, 91–94, 97, 105, 121, 150, 207, 217, 260, 263; gender and, 4, 152, 232 discourse, 10–16, 33; constitutive nature of, 11, 15–16, 221–61; discursive markers , 204–11; gynocentric, 10, 223–57; nationalist, 6, 12, 133–34; official, 11–12, 126–71, 173, 175, 223–61; traveling , 11, 186–89; unofficial (alternative, popular), 13–14, 120–22, 173, 186, 193, 197–204, 207, 264 divorce, 20, 126–28, 130–32, 155–69; “chaotic ,” 165; child custody and support, 164–67; ‘idda, 160–61, 162, 164; mahr and, 152; party, 126, 155–62, 168; repudiation , 21, 165, 167–68, 250; Shari’a, 160–61, 199. See also law drought, 25n15, 55–56. See also flood Ebbi, Guesmula, 229 ECHO (European Community Humanitarian Office), 84, 89, 96n17, 105–6 economy, Sahrawi: gynocentric, 118; market (camp-based), 97, 150, 153; and marriage practices, 152; subsistence, 58. See also employment; livelihood education, 94–98; access to, 50–52, 62–67, 96–97, 236n12; Gazwane, 242n19; national syllabus, 94; political, 73, 95–96; professional, technical, vocational training centers, 64, 65, 96; religious, 50–52, 199, 200; Sahrawi University...