Veiled Employment: Islamism and the Political Economy of Women’s Employment in Iran

Tables

ix Tables 1.1. Female Labor Force Participation, Female Literacy, and Total Fertility Rate for MENA Countries | 40 1.2. Distribution of Female Employment by Sector for MENA Countries | 44 3.1. Urbanization and the Share of Women in Rural and Urban Areas | 97 3.2. Literacy Rate | 101 3.3. Enrollment Rates | 102 3.4. Average Age at First Marriage | 105 3.5. Percentage of Single Women Age 15–24 | 106 3.6. Life Expectancy at Birth | 107 3.7. Fertility Rate | 108 4.1. Female Labor Force, 1956–2006 | 126 4.2. Sectoral Composition of Female Employment | 136 4.3. Literacy Rate | 144 4.4. Iranian Women’s Educational Attainment and Employment | 145 4.5. Education and Labor Force Participation, 1976 and 2006 | 146 4.6. Share of Public Sector in Total Female Employment | 151 4.7. Education and Share of Women in Private and Public Employment, 1996 and 2006 | 152 4.8. Distribution of Female Employment Across Private Sector Positions | 153 4.9. Education and Share of Women in Private Sector Positions, 2006 | 154 4.10. Distribution of Female Employment by Occupational Categories | 155 x • Tables 4.11. Education and Occupational Structure of Female Employment, 1976 and 2006 | 156 4.12. Unemployment Rates in Urban and Rural Areas, 1956–2006 | 158 4.13. Education and Unemployment, 1976 and 2006 | 159 4.14. Age and Female Unemployment Rate, 1976 and 2006 | 161 4.15. Field of Study and Unemployment among Population with Higher Education, 2006 | 162 5.1. Persian Carpet Exports | 170 5.2. Production, Employment, and Exports in Handwoven Carpet Industry in Major Exporting Countries, 2000–2005 | 171 5.3. Employment in Iran’s Textile Industry | 174 5.4. Employment in Iran’s Textile Industry by Working Position | 175 5.5. Distribution of Carpet Weavers by Location and Nationality | 177 5.6. Distribution of Sample Carpet Weavers by Sex and Nationality | 179 5.7. Distribution of Sample Carpet Weavers by Age, Sex, and Nationality | 180 5.8. Distribution of Sample Carpet Weavers by Education Level | 181 5.9. Number of Carpet Weavers in Households by Nationality | 183 5.10. Distribution of Sample Carpet Weavers by Kind of Production | 186 5.11. Share of Carpet Weaving in Household Income | 187 6.1. Share of Women among Heads of Households by Activity Status | 198 6.2. Composition of Women Heads of Households | 199 7.1. Household Income and Employment Status | 233 7.2. Housing and Employment Status | 233 7.3. Work Satisfaction and Income Background among Those in Informal Sector | 235 7.4. Education and Employment Status | 236 7.5. Reasons for Entering the Informal Economy | 237 7.6. Women’s Marital and Employment Status | 240 Tables • xi 7.7. Informal Jobs and Sources of Initial Necessary Capital | 241 7.8. Women’s Employment Status and Decision-Making Powers over Basic Household Expenditures | 242 7.9. Income Expenditure and Informal Employment | 243 8.1. Composition of Economically Active Population (Ten Years and Older) | 259 8.2. Labor Market Participation and Education of Female Population (Ten Years and Older) | 261 8.3. Marital Status of Women in Survey Sample | 265 8.4. Education Attainments of Women in Survey Sample | 265 8.5. Time Spent on Work by Women in Survey Sample | 265 8.6. Public versus Private Employment of Women in Survey Sample | 266 8.7. Reasons for Working of Women in Survey Sample | 266 8.8. Responses in Official Surveys versus Informal Survey | 267 8.9. Reasons for Not Declaring Employment in Official Surveys | 267 8.10. Income Levels of Employed Women in Survey Sample | 269 8.11. Share of Women Who Work from Home | 270 8.12. Marketing Methods of Women Who Work from Home | 270 8.13. Obstacles to Advancement of Career/Business | 271 9.1. Labor Market Status of Participants, January 2001 | 287 9.2. Occupation of Participants, by Type | 287 9.3. Occupation of Spouses, by Type | 287 9.4. Dollar Income of Participants and Spouses | 288 ...