The Urban Social History of the Middle East, 1750-1950

Glossary

257 Glossary ‘abat, ‘ubi: woolen cloak ‘amma: commoners agha: military notable ahl al-kitab: people of the book, monotheists with written scriptures (normally Christians, Jews, Sabaeans, and Zoroastrians) al-ahya’ al-barraniya: outlying suburbs ajir: apprentice amir al-hajj: leader of the pilgrimage ‘anatiyya: makers of silk robes ‘avania, ‘awn: extraordinary taxes ‘aqd: (apprenticeship) contract ashraf, sharif: descendant(s) of the Prophet askari: military class (Arabic) askeriya: military class (Turkish) ‘attar: druggist awamir sultaniyya: administrative decrees and orders sent out from Istanbul to the provinces a‘yan: notables bash(i): head, chief bast: sanctuary (in the sense of protected place) bay‘ bi-al-dayn: sale on credit bazar bashi: chief merchant bedel-i askeriyya: cash payment in return for exemption from military service berat: certificate of foreign protection (given by consuls etc. to non-Muslim Ottoman subjects) 258 | G L O S S A R Y G L O S S A R Y bilad al-makhzan: rural areas under the control of, or paying taxes to, the central state çiftlik: plantation, estate cizye: Turkish for jizya dabbagh: tanner dallal: auctioneer, broker dayn: debt dhimmi, Turkish zimmi: non-Muslims in Muslim lands (in practice, Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians) evkaf: see waqf diwan: council (as in city council, provincial council) fatwa, Turkish fetva: legal opinion delivered by religious scholar fiqh: jurisprudence fuqaha’, sing. faqih: legal or religious scholar futuh, sing. fath: early Islamic conquests futuwwa: street gang gedik: equipment for a workshop habus: see waqf (North African equivalent) hajji: one who has made the pilgrimage to Mecca hara: city quarter harir: silk hawsh: house built round central courtyard hayy, pl. ahy‘a: city quarter hirfa: guild hujja: certified legal document i‘ane: additional taxation to provide money for the army iltizam: tax farming imtiyazat [ajnabiyya]: Capitulations (for foreigners), giving them a special legal status within the Ottoman Empire jizya: canonical tax paid by non-Muslims kafil: (financial) guarantor kapudan bashi: admiral of the fleet kasba: historic or precolonial city kahya: quarter or village head khan: caravanserai khatib: mosque preacher khayyat: tailor khilu: the right to use vacant premises khuwwa: protection money Glossary | 259 madina: historic/precolonial city mahalla: city quarter mahkama, pl. ahakim shar‘iyya: Islamic law court(s) makhzan: central government of Morocco maktab: elementary or Qura’nic school malikane: lifetime tax farm (iltizam) mastaba: stone seats on sidewalks between shops and the street mawat: “dead” or uncultivated land Mecelle: Ottoman Civil Code (issued 1869–78) mellah: Jewish quarter (in North Africa cities) mi‘mar: builder milk, mulk: freehold propery miri: state land mu‘arrif: individual charged with assigning the amount of tax guild members should pay mufti: jurisconsult muhami: lawyer muhandis: engineer muhassil: tax collector muhtasib: market inspector multazim: tax farmer (possessor of iltizam) murabaha: the investment of money at interest mutawalli: manager of an endowment (waqf) mutasallim: lieutenant governor of a province nahdha: Arabic literary and linguistic renaissance of the late nineteenth century najjar: carpenter naqib al-ashraf: custodian of the records of the descendants of the Prophet (in a particular city) ocak: Ottoman regiment in Egypt qadi, Turkish kadi: judge qanun, pl. qawanin: civil (i.e., non-Islamic) statute(s) of the Ottoman state qanunnamler: lists of civil statutes qard: loan qassab: butcher qassam shar‘i: court official responsible for the canonical division of the property of deceased persons qaysariyya: commercial building, often for storage of manufactured goods qism: division, share 260 | G L O S S A R Y G L O S S A R Y ra‘aya: flock, subjects sabbagh: dyer sadah, sing. sayyid: descendants of the Prophet Muhammad salam: contract to purchase crops before the harvest sani‘: journeyman sarraf: money changer sayyid, pl. sadah: descendant of the Prophet Muhammad shahbandar: chief merchant sharaka/shirka: business partnership shar‘i: sanctioned by Islamic law sharif, pl. ashraf: see ashraf shartnameh: rules for qualification shaykh al-balad: city chief shaykh al-mashayikh: paramount shaykh sijillat: documents that form the Islamic court records simsar: broker sipahi: cavalryman subashi: city police chief sukhra: forced labor suq: covered market (bazaar) sura: section of the Qur’an sürgün: forced migration and resettlement taba‘: follower ta’ifat: sect, confessional group, guild, corporation ta’ifa al-ru‘sa: merchant corporation in Algiers tariqa, pl. turuq: (Sufi) brotherhood timar: an assignation of rural fiefs timariot: fief holder uluf: military rations ‘urf: customary (e.g., tribal) law ustadh, usta: (guild) master waqf, awqaf; Turkish vakf, evkaf: mortmain properties, endowments in...