Empire’s Proxy: American Literature and U.S. Imperialism in the Philippines

Notes

177 Notes no t e s t o t h e i n t roduc t ion 1. Speech by Albert Beveridge before the U.S. Senate, Jan. 9, 1900, 56th Cong., 1st sess., Congressional Record 33, pt. 1 (1899–1900): 704–11. 2. This statement is attributed to a speech President McKinley made on November 21, 1899, as reported in General James Rushling, “Interview with President William McKinley,” Christian Advocate, New York, January 22, 1903, in The Philippines Reader: A History of Colonialism , Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance, ed. Daniel B. Schirmer and Stephen Rosskamm Shalom (Quezon City: KEN: 1987), 22–23. 3. Importantly, the Philippines were also home to the University of Santo Tomas, established in 1611 (twenty-five years before Harvard), and the large class of European-educated ilustrados. For more on the history of missionary work in Asia, see Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984); and Patricia Ruth Hill, The World Their Household: The American Woman’s Foreign Mission Movement and Cultural Transformation, 1870–1920 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1985). 4. Andrew Carnegie, “Distant Possessions—The Parting of the Ways,” North American Review 167 (August 1898): 239. 5. William Dean Howells, quoted in William M. Gibson, “Mark Twain and Howells: Anti-Imperialists,” New England Quarterly 20, no. 4 (December 1947): 437. 6. Col. E. Rice, 26th Infantry, U.S. Volunteers, reported in Elihu Root, Education in the Philippines: Letter from the Secretary of War (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1901), 48, National Archives and Records Administration (hereafter NARA), Record Group (hereafter RG) 350, File 470, #15. 7. Report of the First Philippine Commission to the Secretary of War (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1900), 17. 8. Phelps Whitmarsh, “Conditions in Manila,” Outlook 63 (1899): 921, quoted in John Morgan Gates, Schoolbooks and Krags: The United States Army in the Philippines, 1898–1902 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1973), 87. 9. Katherine Cook, “Public Education in the Philippine Islands,” in U.S. Bureau of Education Bulletins, 1935 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1935), 5. 10. Emma Sarepta Yule, An Introduction to the Study of Colonial History for Use in Secondary Schools (Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1912): 209, NARA, RG 350, File 2618, #68. 178 Notes 11. Education in the Philippines, May 15, 1902, anonymous pamphlet included in the NARA, RG 350, File 2618, #12; “Public Schools in Manila,” Washington Evening Star, August 25, 1899, NARA, RG 350, File 470, #2. 12. E. San Juan Jr., The Philippine Temptation: Dialectics of Philippines–U.S. Literary Relations (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996), 24. 13. I specify this period because, as other critics have charted, the idea of what constitutes the canon has gone through several important changes. Certainly the texts that I explore here, such as Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Longfellow’s Evangeline, were notably absent from ideas about the canon that developed after World War I; likewise, the list of American authors that would become canonized by F. O. Matthiessen: Emerson, Thoreau, Melville, Whitman, and Hawthorne, are conspicuously absent from the reading lists developed in the Philippines (see American Renaissance: Art and Expression in the Age of Emerson and Whitman [New York: Oxford University Press, 1941]). 14. David Barrows, Annual Report of the General Superintendent of Education, September 1904 (Manila: Bureau of Public Printing, 1904), 36. 15. Gauri Viswanathan, Masks of Conquest: Literary Study and British Rule in India (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989), 3. For more on the international politics of literature and imperial power, see Pascale Casanova, The World Republic of Letters, trans. M. B. DeBevoise (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007). 16. Gerald Graff, Professing Literature: An Institutional History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987); Kermit Vanderbilt, American Literature and the Academy: The Roots, Growth, and Maturity of a Profession (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986); Arthur N. Applebee, Tradition and Reform in the Teaching of English: A History (Urbana: National Council of Teachers of English, 1974); Michael Warner, The Letters of the Republic : Publication and the Public Sphere in Eighteenth-Century America (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990); Gerald Graff and Michael Warner, The Origins of Literary Studies in America: A Documentary Anthology (New York: Routledge, 1989). 17. Amy Kaplan and Donald Pease, Cultures of U.S. Imperialism (Durham: Duke University Press, 1993); Donald Pease and Robyn Wiegman, The Futures of American Studies (Durham : Duke University Press, 2002...