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[ 193 ] Notes Notes to Chapter 1 The epigraphs for this chapter are drawn from Sweezy v. New Hampshire, 354 U.S. 234 (1957); and Adler v. Board of Education of the City of New York, 342 U.S. 485, 510 (1952) (Douglas, J., dissenting). 1. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America 110 (University of Chicago Press 2002). 2. Walter Isaacson, Einstein: His Life and Universe 241 (Simon and Schuster 2007). 3. Walter Isaacson, Einstein: His Life and Universe 241, 242 (Simon and Schuster 2007). 4. D. H. Lawrence, Studies in Classic American Literature (Penguin Classics 1990). 5. Neil W. Hamilton, Academic Ethics: Problems and Materials on Professional Conduct and Shared Governance 65 (Greenwood Publishing 2002); William G. Tierney, Promotion and Tenure: Community and Socialization in Academe 22 (State University of New York Press 1996). 6. Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 48, 76 (1905) (Holmes, J., dissenting). 7. Civil Rights Act of 1964, Pub.L. No. 88-352, 78 Stat. 241. See also Heart of Atlanta Motel Inc. v. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964) (upholding application of the Civil Rights Act to motels); and Katzenbach v. McClung, 379 U.S. 294 (1964) (upholding application of the Civil Rights Act to restaurants). 8. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, Pub.L. 92-318, 86 Stat. 373, as amended, 20 U.S.C.A. §§ 1681 et seq. See also Grove City College v. Bell, 465 U.S. 555, 575–76 (1984) (upholding application of Title IX to private college). 9. Thus, in the conception of philosophers such as John Locke, rights are liberties enjoyed by man in his natural condition, or “state of nature,” before the creation of government. See John Locke, Two Treatises on Government (Cambridge University Press 1988). 10. James Madison, The Federalist Papers, No. 51, at 349 (1788) (J. Cooke, ed., Wesleyan University Press 1961) (“In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: You must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place, oblige it to control itself.”). Notes to Chapter 1 [ 194 ] 11. TheDeclarationofIndependence(1776)wasnominallytheworkofthedrafting committeeoftheSecondContinentalCongress,butJeffersonwroteitvirtuallyinfull. 12. See, for example, Connecticut Bd. of Pardons v. Dumschat, 452 U.S. 458, 463 (1981) (discussing parole as not implicating any “underlying right”); Leis v. Flynt, 439 U.S. 438, 442–43 (1979) (characterizing pro hac vice practice as a “privilege of appearing upon motion” but “not a right granted either by statute or the Constitution ”); William W. Van Alstyne, “The Demise of the Right-Privilege Distinction in Constitutional Law,” 81 Harv. L. Rev. 1439 (1968); and Rodney A. Smolla, “The Reemergence of the Right-Privilege Distinction in Constitutional Law: The Price of Protesting Too Much,” 35 Stan. L. Rev. 69 (1982). 13. See, for example, Kathleen M. Sullivan, “Unconstitutional Conditions,” 102 Harv. L. Rev. 1415 (1989); Richard A. Epstein, “The Supreme Court 1987 Term: Unconstitutional Conditions, State Power, and the Limits of Consent,” 102 Harv. L. Rev. 5 (1988); and Robert L. Hale, “Unconstitutional Conditions and Constitutional Rights,” 35 Colum. L. Rev. 321, 322 (1935). 14. Cass Sunstein, “Why the Unconstitutional Conditions Doctrine Is an Anachronism,” 70 B.U. L. Rev. 593, 620 (1990) (doctrine is “too crude and too general to provide help in contested cases”); Kathleen Sullivan, “Unconstitutional Conditions,” 102 Harv. L. Rev. 1415, 1416 (1989) (doctrine is “riven with inconsistencies ”); Robert L. Hale, “Unconstitutional Conditions and Constitutional Rights,” 35 Colum. L. Rev. 321, 322 (1935) (“The Supreme Court has sustained many such exertions of power even after announcing the broad doctrine that would invalidate them.”); Rodney A. Smolla, “The Reemergence of the Right-Privilege Distinction in Constitutional Law: The Price of Protesting Too Much,” 35 Stan. L. Rev. 69 (1982) (arguing that the right-privilege distinction, while diminished by the doctrine of unconstitutional conditions, was not destroyed by it). 15. Abraham Lincoln, “Special Message to Congress,” in Speeches and Writings , 1859–1865 253 (Library of America, 1989). 16. A. Bartlett Giamatti, A Free and Ordered Space: The Real World of the University (Norton 1990). 17. Jonathan D. Casper, The Politics of Civil Liberties 148–49 (Harper & Row 1972); Rodney A. Smolla, “In Pursuit of Racial Utopias: Fair Housing, Quotas, and Goals in the 1980s,” 58 S. Cal. L. Rev. 947 (1985). 18. Mark G. Yudof, “Equal Opportunity and the Courts,” 51 Tex. L. Rev. 411, 457 (1973). 19. Mark G. Yudof et al., Educational Policy and the Law 383 (Wadsworth Publishing 2001). 20. Plessy v...

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