Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas

Index

Index Abd al Rahman, Ibrahima: autobiography, 140; Bible, 112; capture, 25–26; diet, 87; family, 38, 180, 185; letters, 137, 139; literacy, 11, 123, 138; as Moor, 98; opinion of Christians, 95–96, 98; silent on Middle Passage, 41; as slaver enslaved, 12 Abu Bakr al Siddiq: autobiography, 140–44; Bible, 112; captivity, 41–43, 45; capture, 31; family, 35, 38, 68; in Jamaica, 55, 56; Koran, 113; letters, 96, 139; literacy, 108–9, 138; professional , 102; return to Africa, 169–70; studies, 35 Afonja, 33–34 Afrocentrism, 204 Ahmadiyah, 206 Ahmed Baba, 14–15 Ajami, 8, 124 Allah: Al-Fatiha, 123–24; Candomble, 187; incantation (Trinidad), 138; invocation (Middle Passage), 29; Jamaica, 124, 226n. 56; in pastoral letter in Jamaica , 139; Moorish Temple, 205–7; Nation of Islam, 207; Shahada, 49–50, 62, 187; Sufism, 5; in traditional religions , 186 Alms, 64–65, 191. See also Saka; Sakara; Saraka Amari Ngone Ndella, 28–29 American Colonization Society, 166–68 Amistad, 202, 217n 16 Anna Moosa (Benjamin Cockrane), 38, 56, 96 Antigua, 29 Anti-Muslim legislation, 18, 145–47 Arabia, 14, 186 Arabic: in Africa, 6–8; autobiographies in, 110, 126, 139–44; Bibles in, 111–12; in Brazil, 56, 79, 119, 125–26, 139–40, 156–57, 176; books in, 36–37, 39, 56, 120–21, 140; in Georgia, 125–28; in Guyana, 133; in Jamaica, 108, 124–25, 138–40, 141–44; letters in, 55, 58, 115, 134–40, 165–69; in Maryland, 135; in Mississippi, 123, 137; in New Orleans, 124; in non-Muslim religions, 123–28; in North Carolina, 126, 134–35, 139, 141–44; in novel, 124; in Panama, 126; in revolts, 126, 133–34; in SaintDomingue , 124, 133; in songs, 194; in South Carolina, 107; in Trinidad, 125, 139 Aprigio, 79, 118 Arouna, 38, 124 Ashanti, 6, 31, 186 Autobiographies by Muslims, 140; Africa in, 142, 144; austerity of, 143–44; emphasis on education in, 141–42; enslavement of authors in, 142–43; Islam in, 143; self-censorship in, 142, 144 Bahamas, 45 Bal, Suleyman, 27 Baol, 23–24, 28 Baquaqua, Mahommah Gardo: capture, 42–45, 203; on conversion, 53 Bath, John Mohammed: children, 180, 200; deported to Trinidad, 45; death, 174; diet, 87; dress, 77; letters, 138; and love of country, 172; nobility, 38; opinion of non-Muslim slaves, 87; repatriation efforts, 172–74 Beards, 81 Berbesi (Berbeci), 16, 20, 72, 213n. 44 Bibles, 56, 111, 112, 168 247 Bilali (Ben Ali), 35; descendants, 199; “diary,” 115, 126–27; diet, 66, 89, 203; dress, 75; family, 65, 85–86, 180, 185; Koran, 114; and non-Muslims, 92–93; as Moor, 99; and prayers, 63; profession of faith, 50; professional, 92, 102 Bilali, Salih: capture, 36; children’s names, 85–86; family, 65, 180; diet, 66, 87, 203; Koran, 114; literacy, 110; name, 84–85; professional, 102 Billo, Amadou, 13, 25 Bornu, 12, 14, 32, 35, 37, 111, 155 Boukman, 152–53 Bouna, 30, 36, 55 Brazil: children of Muslims in, 181; circumcision , 91; conversions, 53–54; freedom associations, 104–5; funeral rites, 192; gris-gris, 131, 193–94; Islam in other religions, 200; Islamic diet, 90; Islamic dress, 75, 77–80; Koranic schools, 118, 120; Korans, 113–15; marabouts, 35, 38, 121; Muslims and Christians, 95, 101–2; pilgrimage, 68; polygamy, 91; prayers, 62, 64; Ramadan , 64, 67; religious writings, 125–26; revolts, 153–63; Yoruba religion , 186 Bundu, 8, 30, 166 Candomble, 181, 185–87, 198 Catholicism: and African religions, 181, 184, 185; in Brazil, 53; evangelization in Africa, 16–17; evangelization in America, 49; in French West Indies, 50–52; Inquisition, 147–48; and Islam in Americas, 18, 49, 146–48 Cédula. See Anti-Muslim legislation Charno, 124 Children (Muslim): in Koranic schools, 7, 36; literacy, 110, 181–82; turn to other religions, 180, 181, 182 Chile, 45, 130, 146–47 Circumcision, 4, 90 Clothing: in Africa (Islamic), 44, 74–75; Islamic in Americas, 76–80, 192; of clerics, 77, 132; dress codes, 74; headgear , 75–76, 78, 188, 192; and identity, 81–82; influence of Islamic in Americas, 76, 78–79; Muslims and western, 74–75; Islamic and “hoodoo,” 78; nudity , 44, 73; retention of, by slaveowners , 73; and revolts, 79–80, 155–57; of slaves, 72–74; of women, 75, 78–79; as sign of Islamic faith, 81; as sign of recognition, 81–82 Colombia, 20, 52, 200 Color prejudice: absent in African slavery, 14; in Islam, 13; in Americas, 15, 97–102 Conversion: and Catholicism...