A Respectable Woman: The Public Roles of African American Women in 19th-Century New York

Index

Index 231 First Ward, 40, 57, 123 Fourth Ward: boardinghouses in, 26; Irish immigrants, 50; New York City Draft Riot (1863), 117; prostitution in, 84, 85 Fifth Ward: adoption in, 55; bar in, 104; black and white roommates, 59; black female property owners, 40; black migrants , 36; black population, 17–18, 23; disease in, 32; interracial couples in, 177n36; oyster shop in, 105 Sixth Ward: black population, 17, 30; cholera in, 28; family violence in, 54; Five Points in, 29 (see also Five Points); Irish immigrants, 50; New York City Draft Riot (1863), 120; St. Philip’s Episcopal Church, 23, 25; saloon in, 104 Seventh Ward, 115 Eighth Ward: augmented household in, 58; black female property owners, 40; black migrants, 36; black population, 17–18, 23; boardinghouse in, 39; dress shop in, 39; Female Union Association, 38; interracial couples in, 177n36; New York City Draft Riot (1863), 119; oyster shop in, 105 Ninth Ward, 38, 57, 115, 116 Eleventh Ward, 177n36 Twelfth Ward, 13, 40 Thirteenth Ward, 104 Fourteenth Ward: black population, 17– 18, 23; interracial couples in, 177n36; New York City Draft Riot (1863), 120; oyster shop in, 105; Sinking Fund Association , 38; washerwomen in, 58 Fifteenth Ward, 23, 38 Sixteenth Ward: Abyssinian Baptist Church, 24; black female property owners , 40; black population, 18; Cornelius in, 9; New York City Draft Riot (1863), 116; northward movement to, 177n36 Seventeenth Ward, 37 Eighteenth Ward, 37–38, 119, 123 Nineteenth Ward, 24, 40, 114 Twentieth Ward: black migrants, 36; black population, 18, 23; New York City Draft Riot (1863), 116, 118, 122–123; northward movement to, 177n36; women’s associations in, 38 Twenty-first Ward, 18, 37 Twenty-second Ward, 18, 24 Twenty-third Ward, 18 Twenty-fourth Ward, 18 abolitionism: abolition of slavery in New York, 131; African American leaders, 132; African American men, 131; African American women, 139–141; antiabolitionist riot (1834), 111–112, 178n38, 195n13; black newspapers, 132; interracial marriage, 111, 177n37, 178n38; in New York City, 132; Tappans, Arthur and Lewis, 110–111; white women reformers, 130 Abyssinian Baptist Church, 23–24, 149 Abyssinian Benevolent Daughters of Esther Association, 144 Act for the More Effectual Suppression of Gambling (New York, 1851), 101 Adams, James, 146 Adams, Sarah E., 142 adult education, 148 African American children in New York City: adoption of, 55; education (see African Free Schools); of interracial African American children (continued) couples, 50; orphans, 56 (see also Colored Orphan Asylum); pawning by, 89; percent not living with natural parents, 181n65; percentage enrolled in school, 146–147 African American leaders: abolitionism, 132; African colonization, 132, 133; black Civil War enlistment, 133–134; emphasis on patriarchal family structure , 48; emphasis on white middle-class gender ideals, 41–42, 45–49, 139, 158; expectations of how women should spend their spare time, 96–97; on politics as a male domain, 129, 139–140; on “respectability” in public, 97–98 African American men in New York City: abolitionism, 131; attacks on during New York City Draft Riot (1863), 115– 117, 159; average age of marriage, 51; business owners, 66, 103–104, 105; civil society, 137–139; class distinctions, 66; community activism, improvement, 137; disenfranchisement of, 4; equal access to public facilities, 137; equal pay for black soldiers, 137; fraternal orders, 138–139; immigrant women, 179n41; job opportunities, 65; labor activism, 86–87; labor competition from white immigrants, 68; leisure activities, 98; middle-class men, 98; mortality rate, 16, 49; mutual aid societies of, 137–138; occupational categories (1860–1880), 70; political activism, 130, 134–137, 139; professionals, 66; property ownership , 70–71; racial violence against, 109; Republican Party, 136; sailors, 52, 181n54; sexual discrimination against black women, 71–72; as strikebreakers, 112–113; temperance movement, 145; underemployment, 64; voting rights for African American men, support for, 134–137; white middle-class standards of behavior, 4–5; widowers, 54 African American Republican Club, 114 African American women: prescriptive literature about, 7, 64; studies of northern black women, 7 African American women in New York City: abolitionism, 139–141; adoption of unrelated children, 55; agricultural work, 83–84; attacks on during New York City Draft Riot (1863), 115, 119– 120, 121–128; authority within the family, 48; autonomy of, 4, 42, 48, 51, 73, 131, 159, 188n108; average age of marriage, 51; banking transactions handled by, 151; boardinghouses owned by, 38–39, 59, 75, 127; business owners, 38–39, 74–75, 104; church-related activities, 149–151; civil rights activism, 130; as consumers, 106; control over occupational lives, 87; Cornelius as...