American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World, 1776-1989: A Global Perspective

Index

491 abolitionism, 85 Acton, Lord, 93, 248 Adams, Charles Francis, 166 Adams, John: British constitutionalism , 77; Condorcet, marquis de, 76; constitutional monarchy, 77; Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States, 76–77, 79, 408n99; Esquisse by Condorcet, 84; first American state constitutions , 76–77; in France, 71; Jefferson , Thomas, 358; Lafayette, marquis de, 72, 145; Luzac, Johan, 94; Miranda, Francisco de, 124; natural -law theory, 5; in Netherlands, 94; republicanism, 71, 77; Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques, 76–78 Adams, John Quincy, 146, 318 Adams, Samuel, 116 Adams, Willi Paul, 381n23 Affaires de l’Angleterre et de l’Amérique (journal), 67, 69 Africa: 1974-1989 (see Africa from 1974 to 1989); democratization, 362–363; French constitutionalism, 360; influence of American constitutionalism on, 355, 363; nondemocratic regimes, 361; “second liberation,” 362 Africa from 1974 to 1989, 345–352; “African exceptionalism,” 348; American influence on, 355; decolonization movement, 348; federalism, 321, 348–349, 350–351; influence of American Bill of Rights on, 347; influence of American constitutionalism on, 345, 349–352; influence of Declaration of Independence on, 346; influence of The Federalist on, 322–323; influence of U.S. Constitution on, 346–347; judicial review, 350–351; Liberia, 345–347; Nigeria, 321, 322–323, 350–352; presidentialism, 322–323, 350–351; separation of powers , 322–323; South Africa, 347–350; sub-Saharan Africa, 352; Tanzania, 321 African National Congress (ANC), 350 African slave trade, 85 Age of Reason (Paine), 63 “age of the democratic revolution,” 53 Agranat, Simon, 353 agriculture: American imperialism, 225; encomienda system, 114; land reform in Philippines, 338; “miracle rice” in Philippines, 300; Slovakia, 259; Taiwanese shift away from, 310 Aguinaldo, Emilio, 230 Alaska, 229, 235, 236–237, 454n48 Albania, 324, 325 Albany Plan of Union (1754), 27, 36, 413n176 Albemarle County Instructions Concerning the Virginia Constitution (Mazzei), 101 Alberdi, Juan Bautista, 119, 123, 133–134 Index 492 Index Algeria, French constitutionalism, 360 Allende, Salvador, 314 Althusius, Johannes, 36 Amadeos, Santos, 135 Ambrosini, Gaspare, 296 amendments to constitutions: ancient Greece and Rome, 25; Articles of Confederation, 27, 29; Condorcet, marquis de, 83; first American state constitutions, xiii, 25–26; Pennsylvania Constitution (1776), 25 American Bill of Rights, 47–50; American constitutionalism, contributions to, 41–46; American imperialism , 230; Anti-federalists, 49; bill of rights tradition, 50, 89–92; Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (1789), 15, 89–92, 373; federal power, restraints on, 49; Federalists, 49; influence of (see influence of American Bill of Rights); influences on (see influences on American Bill of Rights); Jefferson , Thomas, 92; Londonio, Carlo Giuseppe, 172; Madison, James, 92; nationalization of, 207; rights of individuals, 49–50; role, 91 American Civil War: Austro-Hungarian Empire, 209–210; Belgium, 210; Bismarck, Otto von, 210; Britain, 203; as constitutional crisis, 207; democracy, 221, 222; effect on desire to limit power of states in nation-building processes, 222; effect on influence of American constitutionalism, 207; federalism, 221–222; France, 203, 207–208; Italy, 208–209; Prussia, 210; Spain, 210 American Commonwealth (Bryce), 149 American constitutionalism: admittance of new states, 31; amendments to constitutions, 25–26, 27, 29; American military interventions overseas, 316; America’s national interests, 303, 315; as anti-model, 12; bail, proportionate, 27; bookends of, xiv; British constitutionalism , 5, 55; broad perspective on, xii; capitalism, 252, 360; constituent constitutional conventions, 23–24; core of, 4; definition, xi, 8–11, 50; democracy, 11, 251, 321, 474n5; development of, linear, 9–10; direct action on citizens without going through states, 150; documentary constitutionalism, 8–11; dual judiciary (state and federal), 135–136; due process of law, 27; echoes of, xiv, 51; as extension of European history, xii; federalism, 31–32, 36–38; freely associated commonwealth status, 235–236; hereditary aristocracy, elimination of, 28–29; historiography of, 373–376; imposition overseas, 223, 226; influence of (see influence of American constitutionalism); influences on (see influences on American constitutionalism ); innovations of, 5; interludes, 51 (see also Europe from 1800 to 1848); ironic use of, 345; judicial review, 38–40; jury trials, 27; Lafayette, marquis de, 72, 87; Latin American constitutionalism compared to, 113; legislative elections of representatives, 27; life tenure for appointed judges, 365; majority rule, 22; myths regarding, 56–57 (see also American Dream; “cult of the constitution”); presidentialism , 34–36; Rapaczynski, Andzrej , 363–367; ratification of constitutions , 25, 29; republicanism, 20; resistance to, 327–329; search and seizure, protections against, 27; Index 493 seminal documents, six, xi, 4, 8–11...