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Notes Introduction 1. Gloria Anzaldúa, “La Prieta,” in This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color, ed. Cherríe Moraga and Gloria Anzaldúa (Watertown, Mass.: Persephone Press, 1981), 205; Joseph M. Palacios (foundation director and founding board member, Catholics for Equality), in discussion with the author, January 2011. 2. In contemporary usage, the word “art” usually refers to the visual arts, especially painting and sculpture. This book explores the visual arts, but it also examines theater, literature, music, and other expressive forms. The definition of art given in the Oxford English Dictionary is instructive: “Any of the various pursuits or occupations in which creative or imaginative skill is applied according to aesthetic principles . . . the various branches of creative activity, as painting, sculpture, music, literature, dance, drama, oratory, etc.” (Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. “art,” www.oed.com/view/Entry/11125). 3. Robert Reinhold, “1980 Census Shows 17% Growth of Blacks Surpassed Rise for U.S.,” New York Times, February 24, 1981, LexisNexis Academic. 4. Pamela G. Hollie, “Courting the Hispanic Market,” New York Times, December 26, 1983, LexisNexis Academic. 5. Dan Balz, “As the Hispanic Vote Emerges, Republicans Seek to Christen It,” Washington Post, July 11, 1981, LexisNexis Academic; David Hoffman, “Hispanics, Seen as Pivotal 1984 Voters, Courted by Both Parties,” Washington Post, August 12, 1983. 6. Clara E. Rodríguez, Changing Race: Latinos, the Census, and the History of Ethnicity in the United States (New York: New York University Press, 2000), 7, 12. 7. “The New Face of America,” special issue, Time 142, no. 21 (1993). 8. Rodríguez, Changing Race, 103. 9. Ibid., 12. 10. Betsy Guzmán, Census 2000 Brief: The Hispanic Population (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau, May 2001), 2, 7. 198 / notes 11. Haya El Nasser, “Census Shows Greater Number of Hispanics,” USA Today, March 8, 2001, LexisNexis Academic. 12. Brad Knickerbocker, “Census Data Show Hispanic Boom,” Christian Science Monitor, March 24, 2011, LexisNexis Academic. 13. Lynette Clemetson, “Hispanics Now Largest Minority, Census Says,” New York Times, January 22, 2003, LexisNexis Academic; A Multicultural Milestone,” St. Petersburg Times, January 28, 2003, LexisNexis Academic; Gary Younge, “Latinos Become Main Minority Group in U.S.: Shift Is a Turning Point in the Nation’s History,” Guardian of London, January 23, 2003, Lexis Nexis Academic. 14. Teresa Cordova et al., “Building Networks to Tackle Global Restructuring: The Environmental and Economic Justice Movement,” in The Collaborative City: Opportunities and Struggles for Blacks and Latinos in U.S. Cities, ed. John Jairo Betancur and Doug Gills (New York: Garland, 2000), 188–89; Mark Sawyer, “Racial Politics in Multiethnic America: Black and Latina/o Identities and Coalitions,” in Neither Enemies nor Friends: Latinos, Blacks, Afro-Latinos, ed. Anani Dzidzienyo and Suzanne Oboler (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 275. 15. Toni Morrison, “On the Back of Blacks,” Time 142, no. 21 (Fall 1993): 57. See also Roberto Suro, Strangers among Us: How Latino Immigration Is Transforming America (New York: Knopf, 1998), 242–64; Arlene Davila, Latino Spin: Public Image and the Whitewashing of Race (New York: New York University Press, 2008). 16. Davila, Latino Spin. 17. Latino in America, CNN, October 21–22, 2009. 18. Lyn Di Iorio Sandín, Killing Spanish: Literary Essays on Ambivalent U.S. Latino/a Identity (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004); Debra A. Castillo, Redreaming America: Toward a Bilingual American Culture (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2005). 19. Conóceme en Iowa: The Official Report of the Governor’s Spanish Speaking Task Force (Des Moines, Iowa: Task Force, 1979); Iowa Office of Latino Affairs, www.latinoaffairs .iowa.gov/. 20. For a listing of these programs, see the appendix to Rodolfo F. Acuña, The Making of Chicana/o Studies: In the Trenches of Academe (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2011). 21. Héctor Tobar, Translation Nation: Defining a New American Identity in the Spanish-Speaking United States (New York: Penguin, 2005), 106–10. 22. Otto Santa Ana, Brown Tide Rising: Metaphors of Latinos in Contemporary American Public Discourse (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002), 1–3. 23. Timothy J. Dunn, The Militarization of the U.S.-Mexico Border, 1978–1992: Low-Intensity Conflict Doctrine Comes Home (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996). 24. Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), 29. 25. Ibid., 46, 206. 26. Jeffrey Passel, D’Vera Cohen, and Ana Gonzalez-Barrera, Net Migration from Mexico Falls to Zero—and Perhaps Less (Washington...

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