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Notes Notes to Chapter 1 1. Robert Johnson and Hans Toch, eds., introduction to The Pains of Imprisonment (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1982), 17. 2. Robert Johnson, Hard Time: Understanding and Reforming the Prison, 3rd ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2002), 10. 3. Human Rights Watch, “No Escape: Male Rape in U.S. Prisons;” available online at http://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/prison/report.html; Internet; accessed June 11, 2002. 4. The commercial was withdrawn in response to protest, but not before the ad series was nominated for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Commercials . Sabrina Qutb and Lara Temple, “Selling a Soft Drink, Surviving Hard Time: Just What Part of Prison Rape Do You Find Amusing?” San Francisco Chronicle, June 9, 2002. The story also notes that focus groups had reacted favorably to the ad. 5. Roy Walmsley, “World Prison Populations: Facts, Trends and Solutions,” presented at the United Nations Programme Network Institutes Technical Assistance Workshop, Vienna, Austria, May 10, 2001. 6. J. H. Abbott, In the Belly of the Beast: Letters from Prison (New York: Vintage, 1991), 15. Quoted in Johnson, Hard Time, 145–146. 7. Abbott, Belly of the Beast, 102. Quoted in Johnson, Hard Time, 150. 8. Bruce Jackson, obituary of Jack Abbott, Buffalo Report, March 1, 2002. 9. Edward Humes, No Matter How Loud I Shout: A Year in the Life of the Juvenile Court (New York: Simon and Schuster, l996), 34. 10. Homer, Iliad, trans. Samuel Butler, Book 6; available online at http://classics .mit.edu/Homer/iliad.html; Internet; accessed January 5, 2004. 11. As Mary Margaret Mackenzie points out, “punishment” as such is not found in Homer. The quoted passage, and other similar passages, refers instead to simple vengeance, in the sense that the retaliatory act is carried out by a private individual rather than by a legal authority. Plato on Punishment (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981), 69. The passage does illustrate the justified infliction of harm, however, and as such is a precursor to the justification of punishment proper. 173 12. Aeschylus, Eumenides, trans. Ian Johnston, lines 649–667; available online at http://www.mala.bc.ca/~johnstoi/aeschylus/aeschylus_eumenides.htm; Internet ; accessed December 8, 2003. Print version available from Prideaux Street Publications, Nanaimo, BC, Canada. 13. Plato, Gorgias, trans. Donald J. Zeyl (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1987), 477. 14. Ibid., 479d. 15. Plato does not, strictly speaking, present the benefit of the wrongdoer as a justification for punishment here, as he relies on the idea that the punishment is just, thereby establishing that it is a benefit to the person who suffers it. 16. Plato, Gorgias, 512b. 17. For a detailed treatment of the influence of the Nile on Egypt, see Henri Frankfort and H. A. Gronewegen-Frankfort, Before Philosophy: The Intellectual Adventure of Ancient Man (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1946). 18. For a discussion of Egyptian beliefs, see Frankfort and GronewegenFrankfort , Before Philosophy, 92–96, and John Wilson, The Culture of Ancient Egypt (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951), 47–51. The ancient Egyptian concept of ma’at is quite different from our modern view of justice, requiring more in the way of positive acts of kindness and stressing the preservation of order. 19. Even before the Coffin Texts, the earliest of the pyramids bear curses directed at plunderers. Such curses may, however, be interpreted as a simple attempt on the part of the Pharaoh to protect his own interests, combined with a claim of power to do so, rather than as an indication of the demands of justice. 20. Num. 35:33. 21. William Kelly Simpson, ed., “Teaching for Merikare,” in The Literature of Ancient Egypt, 2nd ed. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973), 183. Aldred interprets this passage as an exhortation to “leave vengeance to God.” Cyril Aldred, The Egyptians (New York: Praeger, 1961), 106. The Instruction of Amenemope, directed not to kings but to ordinary citizens, suggests: Do not expose a widow if you have caught her in the fields, Nor fail to give way if she is accused. Do not turn a stranger away from your oil jar That it may be made double for your family. God loves him who cares for the poor More than him who respects the wealthy. Simpson, Literature of Ancient Egypt, 264. 22. Lev. 24:17–21. Similar passages are found in Deut. 19:19–21 and Exod. 21:22–25. 23. See Hubert J. Treston, Poine: A Study in Ancient Greek Blood...

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