The Games Black Girls Play: Learning the Ropes from Double-Dutch to Hip-Hop

Index

2 Live Crew (musical group), 83 69 Boyz (musical group), 150 Abrahams, Roger, 50, 63 Abu-Jamal, Mumia, 120 Adams, De’Shone, 147 Adams, Nicki, 147 African American folk culture, 13 African American language, 24 African American music: academic instruction , 37; the body, 5–8, 9; call-andresponse , 2, 8, 58; children’s music, 61; in classrooms, 185; cross-rhythms, 8; dance, 6–8, 23; difference between children ’s and adult’s music, 36; dominant characteristics, 58; embodied musicmaking , 23; embodiment, 25, 29; enculturation , 41–42; foreground features, 8; gender, 52, 187; improvisation, 58; individuality within collectivity, 8; kinetic orality, 57; lived identification with, 41–42; metrical ambiguity, 8; metronomic sense, 25, 30–31, 47, 77, 134; in multi-ethnic settings, 150; music schools, 43; musical identity, 41–44; oral-kinetic practices, 2; other ethnic identities, 43; patriarchy, 12; race, 52, 187; rhythm, 2, 25, 38, 58; rock ’n’ roll, 75; roots of, 6; in schools, 37, 43, 185; somatic historiography of, 4, 60, 70, 126, 159–160, 183, 186; sound ideals, 31; syncopation, 2, 32; timbre, 8 African American popular culture: gender, 14, 111; girls’ games, 58, 118; race, 14; signifyin’, 131; thoughts of, 1 African Americans, 184–185 African music, 32 African Rhythm and African Sensibility (Chernoff), 64 Afrika Bambaataa (musician), 182 Agawu, Kofi, 61 Algorithms, 27–28 American Bandstand (TV show), 84, 126, 127 American Cultural Specialist and Hip-Hop Ambassador, 121 American Double Dutch League (ADDL), 15, 18, 139–155 Anderson, Laurie, 40 Andrews, Lee, 90–92 Answer/response records, 122–123 Anti-essentialism, 47, 60 Apollo Theater, 154 Archie Bell & the Drells (musical group), 47, 103 Artist Development Institute, 121 Athleticism, 15 “Baby Got Back” (song), 163 “Baby We Can Do It” (game-song), 86 Backstreet Boys (musical group), 44 “Ball the Jack” (game-song), 99–101 “Ballin’ the Jack” (song), 101 Banned in the U.S.A. (album), 83 Baraka, Amiri (LeRoi Jones), 9, 46 Barris, Chuck, 104 Basketball, 140 Bass music, 83–84 Baumann, Max Peter, 10 “Bear Cat” (song), 122 Beat: cheers, 77, 81; handclapping games, 16, 24–30, 63; hip-hop, 19–20; in “Slide,” 24–29; timbre, 30 Becker, Judith, 19 211 Index Beethoven, Ludwig van, 185 Belief, conditions for, 48 Bell, Archie (musician), 47, 103 Bell Biv DeVoe (musical group), 73 Berry, Chuck (musician), 68, 69 Berry, Fred (aka Rerun, dancer), 83 Between the Lions (TV show), 71 Big (film), 56, 96 Big Les (dancer), 106 “Bills, Bills, Bills” (song), 122 Biological determinism, 45–46 Birdwhistell, R. L., 60 “Bitches Ain’t Shit (But Hos and Tricks)” (song), 120 Black femaleness, 58, 134, 157, 180 Black masculinity, 51–52, 114–115 Black music research, 8–12 Blacking, John, 61 Blackman, Toni (musician), 121 Blackness, 34–35, 38, 58, 60–61 Blige, Mary J. (musician), 155 Blues, the, 9, 64 Blues People (Jones), 9 Bluestein, Gene, 106 Body, the: African American music, 5–8, 9; black music research, 8–12; children’s culture, 54; gyration, 95, 98, 168; “inbody formulas,” 16; instruments, 59; language, 186; musical blackness, 59; somatic historiography, 60; as a technology , 57–62 Boone, Pat (musician), 170 Booty music, 83–84 Bop the (dance), 130 Boredom, 128 Borrowing, 89–110; from “Down, down baby,” 91, 103–105, 184; by female hiphop artists, 108–109, 184; in hip-hop music, 2–3, 19–20, 88, 93–97, 107, 121; and improvisation, 3; by Nelly, 95–97, 101, 102, 108, 184 Bounce, the (dance), 103 Breakdancing, 113, 141–142 Broadway tunes, 162 Broonzy, Big Bill (musician), 68 Brown, Bobby (musician), 73 Brown, Delores, 147 Brown, H. Rap, 131 Brown, James (musician), 125, 126, 135, 144 Browning, Barbara, 186 Burns, Jim, 101 Butler, Judith, 10 Butler, Melvin, 15 “C. C. Rider” (handclapping game, aka “See See Rider”), 68 Cabbage Patch, the (dance), 168–169 Calhoun, Wendell, 91 Call-and-response: African American music, 2, 8, 58; answer/response records, 122–123; cheers, 77, 81–82; ethnic identity , 70; “Jig-a-low,” 80; race, 187; sexism , 187; from word to body, 1 Call-and-response records, 123 Campbell, Luther (aka Luke Skywalker, musician), 83 “Candy Girl” (song), 72–73 Carey, Mariah (musician), 43 Chants, 30, 137, 144–146, 151–152 Charles, Ray (musician), 68 Checker, Chubby (musician), 103 Cheerleaders, 85 Cheers, 56, 57, 76–88, 137 Chernoff, John Miller, 64, 90 Children’s culture, 54 Children’s music, 36, 61, 92–93 “Chocolate City (D.C.)”, 151 Choreography, 2, 137 Christgau, Robert, 122 Chronic (album), 108, 120 Church music, 129 Ciphers...