Looking Like What You Are: Sexual Style, Race, and Lesbian Identity

Notes

Notes Notes to the Preface 1. Pat Califia, “Clit Culture: Cherchez la Femme. . . .” On Our Backs 8, no. 4 (1992):10. Notes to the Introduction 1. For a discussion of how punk style has informed queer style through radical protest movements such as Queer Nation and ACT UP, see Jeff Goldthorpe, “Intoxicated Culture: Punk Symbolism and Punk Protest,” Socialist Review 22, no. 2 (1992):55–60. 2. Danae Clark, “Commodity Lesbianism,” Camera Obscura no. 25–26 (1991):180–201. 3. Nancy Leys Stepan, “Race and Gender: The Role of Analogy in Science,” in Anatomy of Racism, ed. David Goldberg (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1990), 38–57. 4. Historians of sexuality have argued that the concept of homosexuality as an identity rather than a sexual act emerged at the beginning of the twentieth century, when medical science became increasingly concerned with categorizing and explaining “deviant” sexualities. Before that time, homosexual relations were thought of as localized instances of unnatural sexual behavior to which anyone might be susceptible, especially given the right circumstances. In early theories of same-sex relations , engaging in homosexual practices did not designate a distinct sexual identity, but was construed as a lapse into sinfulness or perversion . On homosexuality as a modern identity, see Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 1: An Introduction (New York: Vintage Books, 1980), 43; and Jeffrey Weeks, Sex, Politics, and Society: The Regulation of Sexuality since 1800 (New York: Longman, 1981), 1–11. 215 5. Havelock Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, vol. 1 (1936. Reprint, New York: Random House, 1942), 251. Sexual Inversion was first printed in England in 1897, and reprinted in Ellis’s multivolume work, Studies in the Psychology of Sex. 6. Ellis, Studies, 253. 7. Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathis Sexualis. Trans. F. J. Rebman. (1886. Reprint, Brooklyn, N.Y.: Physicians and Surgeons Book Company, 1932), 426. 8. Ellis, Studies, 222. 9. Dr. George Henry, Sex Variants: A Study of Homosexual Patterns, vols. 1 and 2 (New York: Paul B. Hoeber, 1941). 10. Henry, Sex Variants, vol. 2, 1115. 11. Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathis Sexualis, 340. 12. Henry, Sex Variants, vol. 1, xv. 13. For discussions of the medical model in America, see John D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940–1970 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), especially 17–19. 14. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Routlege, 1990), 24. For a critique of visibility politics and an analysis of Butler, see Rosemary Hennessy, “Queer Visibility in Commodity Culture,” Cultural Critique (1994–95):31–76. 15. Judith Butler, “Critically Queer,” GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 1, no. 1 (1993):22. 16. Carole-Anne Tyler, “Passing: Narcissism, Identity and Difference ,” Differences 6, no. 2/3 (1994):212. 17. For another discussion of the limitations of visibility politics with regard to passing, see Peggy Phelan, Unmarked: The Politics of Performance (New York: Routledge, 1993), 6–11. 18. Elaine Ginsberg, Passing and the Fictions of Identity (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1996), 2. 19. Carole-Anne Tyler, “Boys Will Be Girls: The Politics of Gay Drag,” in Inside/Out: Lesbian Theories, Gay Theories, ed. Diana Fuss (New York: Routledge, 1991), 33. 20. Richard Dyer, “Seen to Be Believed: Some Problems in the Representation of Gay People as Typical,” in his The Matter of Images: Essays on Representations (London: Routledge, 1993), 19. 21. Dyer, “Seen to Be Believed,” 19. 22. Lisa Walker, “Embodying Desire: Piercing and the Fashioning of ‘Neo-Butch/Femme’ Identities,” in Butch/Femme: Inside Lesbian Gender , ed. Sally R. Munt (Washington, D.C.: Cassell, 1998), 123–32. 216 • Notes to the Introduction 23. Terry Castle, The Apparitional Lesbian: Female Homosexuality and Modern Culture (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993); Renee C. Hoogland, Lesbian Configurations (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997). 24. Hoogland, Lesbian Configurations, 25. 25. Toni Morrison, Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992). 26. Ginsberg, Passing and the Fictions of Identity, 9. 27. Jane Gaines, “White Privilege and Looking Relations: Race and Gender in Feminist Film Theory,” in Issues in Feminist Film Criticism, ed. Patricia Evans (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990), 207. 28. For example, see Michele Wallace, Invisibility Blues: From Pop to Theory (New York: Verso, 1990); the special issue of Empathy 2, no. 2 (1990–91) on Visibility and Invisibility; Evelyn Torton...