Arrested Justice: Black Women, Violence, and America’s Prison Nation

Notes

[ 167 ] Notes Chapter 1 1. Burns, 1986; Crenshaw, 1991; Richie, 1985. 2. Potter, 2006; Russo, 2002. 3. Boothe, 2007; Brewer and Heitzeg, 2008. 4. Farmer and Tiefenthalter, 2008. 5. The details of the story presented here are an aggregate of 4 cases that share similar characteristics in order to protect the subjects. 6. Neubeck and Cazenave, 2001. 7. Throughout the text, I will use the term male violence to signify violence against women that has its roots in patriarchal arrangements. This conceptualization allows for an understanding of violence perpetrated by an individual who has male privilege, as well as by communities, institutions, and agencies that are organized around the consolidation of patriarchal power and male supremacy. 8. Ms. B is a pseudonym. Although the case is in the public record, some of the details have been modified, at her request, to protect her privacy to the furthest extent possible. 9. http://www.thecha.org/pages/the_plan_for_transformation/22.php; Venkatesh et al., 2004. 10. Fischer, 1999. 11. Rodriguez, 2008. 12. Kalven, 2006. 13. Fischer, 1999; Seccombe, James, and Battle Walters, 1998. 14. Referred to as the New Jersey 4, the women whose case is presented here have benefited from a national organizing campaign. More information about the case and the organizing can be found at http://fiercenyc.org/index.php?s=126. 15. Carter, 2004; Duberman, 1993. Notes to Chapter 1 [ 168 ] 16. Associated Press, 2007; Hartocollis, 2007; Martinez, 2007; Melloy, 2008. 17. Hackworth, 2002. 18. Gross, Aurand, and Addessa, 2000; National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs, 2010. 19. Girshick, 2002; Leventhal and Lundy, 1999; McClennen and Gunther, 1999; Renzetti, 1992. Chapter 2 1. Acevedo, 2000; Dines, Jensen, and Russo, 1998; Grossman and DeGaetano, 1999; Jhally, Katz, and Earp, 1999; Kilbourne, 1999; Sommerville, 2005. 2. Catalano, 2006; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006. 3. Tjaden and Thoennes, 2000b. 4. Ibid. 5. Coker et al., 2002; Tjaden and Thoennes, 2000b. 6. The Allstate Foundation Domestic Violence Program and National Network to End Domestic Violence Fund, 2006. 7. Rennison and Welchans, 2000; Tjaden and Thoennes, 2000a. 8. Rand, 1997. 9. Catalano, Smith, Snyder, and Rand, 2009. 10. Rennison and Welchans, 2000. 11. Homicide data are voluntarily reported to the FBI by law enforcement agencies that utilize the Uniform Crime Reporting Program. Offender information is missing in about 1 in ever 3 murders reported (Catalano et al., 2009). 12. Catalano et al., 2009. 13. Mahoney, Williams, and West, 2001:145. 14. Anderson, Miniño, Fingerhut, Warner, and Heinen, 2004. 15. Catalano et al., 2009. 16. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 1997. 17. Coker, McKeown, Sanderson, Davis, Valois, and Huebner, 2000. 18. Honeycutt, Marshall, and Weston, 2001. 19. West and Rose, 2000 in West, 2002a: 9. 20. Brown and Gourdine, 1998; Hunt and Joe-Laidler, 2001. 21. Jenkins, 2002; Wyatt, Axelrod, Chin, Carmona, and Loeb, 2000. 22. Larocco, 2010; see also: http://www.pe.com/localnews/publicsafety/stories/ PE_News_Local_S_twitter29.41b2f95.html. 23. Miller, 2011. 24. Hampton and Gelles, 1994; Jordan, 2009; Rand, 2009; Rennison and Welchans , 2000. Notes to Chapter 2 [ 169 ] 25. Hutchinson and Hirschel, 1994; Richie, 1996; Sullivan and Rumptz, 1994. 26. National Coalition of Anti-violence Programs, 2004; Tjaden and Thoennes, 2000b. 27. Renzetti and Miley, 1996. 28. National Coalition of Anti-violence Programs, 2004. 29. National Coalition of Anti-violence Programs, 2010. 30. Staples, 1999; Taylor, 2000. 31. Kotz, 2009. 32. Portillo, 2010. 33. National Victims Center and Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, 1992. 34. Banyard and Graham-Bermann, 1993; West, 2006. 35. Catalano et al., 2009; Raphael and Ashley, 2008. 36. Catalano et al., 2009; Rand, 2009. 37. Bachman, 1995. 38. Catalano et al., 2009. 39. Ferraro, 2003; Kasturirangan, Krishnan, and Riger, 2004; Riger, Raja, and Camacho, 2002. 40. Byrne and Riggs, 2002; Campbell, Sharps, Gary, Campbell and Lopez, 2002; Ferraro, 2003; Graham-Bermann and Eastin, 2001; Sutherland, Sullivan and Bybee, 2001. 41. Graham-Berman, 2002. 42. Muhammad, 2009. 43. Ibid. 44. Richie, 1985. 45. This idea is developed further in chapter 5. 46. Atassi, 2010; Donaldson, 2010. 47. Craven, 1996. 48. Rand, 2009; West, 2006. 49. Truman, 2011. 50. Anderson, 2000; Anderson and Massey, 2004; Pattillo-McCoy, 2000. 51. Anderson, 2008; Pattillo, 2008. 52. Jenkins, 2002. 53. Ibid. 54. Washington, 2001; Wyatt, 1992. 55. Associated Press, 2007. 56. Dalmus and Wodarski, 2000; Pierce-Baker, 1998; Robinson, 2002; Russell, 1990. 57. Wolfer, 2000; Wyatt, 1992. 58. Abraham, 1999: 592. Notes to Chapter 2 [ 170...