Capital of the World: The Race to Host the United Nations

NOTES

257 Notes Introduction 1 Ezra Stoller, The United Nations (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1999), vii; NYT, Oct. 16, 21, and 25, 1949; UN Photographs 36603, 71039, and 71041, UN Department of Information Photo Library (http://www.unmultimedia .org/photo). 2 As Akira Iriye noted in Global Community: The Role of International Organization in the Making of the Contemporary World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), scholarship on globalization has focused predominantly on the role of nation-states, leaving room for further exploration of the role of individuals and organizations. Civic boosterism has received greater attention for the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in works such as Carl Abbott , Boosters and Businessmen: Popular Economic Thought and Urban Growth in the Antebellum Middle West (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1981); William Cronon, Nature’s Metropolis (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991), 31–41; and David M. Wrobel, Promised Lands: Promotion, Memory, and the Creation of the American West (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002). Additional scholarship focuses on the phenomenon of place-marketing and postindustrial rebranding in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, for example, William J. V. Neill, Diana S. Fitzsimons, and Brendan Murtagh, Reimagining the Pariah City: Urban Development in Belfast and Detroit (Brookfield, Vt.: Ashgate, 1995) and Miriam Greenberg, Branding New York: How a City in Crisis Was Sold to the World (New York: Routledge, 2005). Previous accounts of the UN headquarters site selection have been limited to brief narratives in books such as Evan Luard, A History of the United Nations . Vol. 1, The Years of Western Domination, 1945–55 (New York: St. Martin’s, 1982), 79–85, and in Yearbook of the United Nations, 1946–47 (Lake Success, N.Y.: UN Department of Public Information, 1947), 41–42, 114–15, and 272– 76. The topic is absent from other works about the early history of the UN: Townsend Hoopes and Douglas Brinkley, FDR and the Creation of the U.N. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997); Stanley Meisler, United Nations: The First Fifty Years (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1995); Gary B. Ostrower, The United Nations and the United States (New York: Twayne, 1998); and Stephen C. Schlesinger, Act of Creation: The Founding of the United 258 Notes Nations (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 2003). Accounts of the campaign to bring the UN to New York, with limited attention to other competitors, appear in Samuel Zipp, Manhattan Projects: The Rise and Fall of Urban Renewal in Cold War New York (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 33–38; Eugenie L. Birch, “New York City: Super Capital—Not by Government Alone,” in David Gordon, ed., Planning Twentieth-Century Capital Cities (New York: Routledge, 2006); and in biographies such as Cary Reich, The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller : Worlds to Conquer, 1908–1958 (New York: Doubleday, 1996), 383–85, and Robert A. Caro, The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York (New York: Random House, 1974), 771–75. 3 Titus Livy, The Early History of Rome, Book I, Chapter 16, trans. Aubrey De Selincourt (1960; repr. New York: Penguin Classics, 2002), 49. Usage of “Capital of the World” derived from America’s Historical Newspapers (www.newsbank .com) and the American Periodicals Series (www.proquest.com), including “The Immediate and the Future Results of the Conference,” Advocate of Peace (Sept. 1899), 177; Duluth (MN) News-Tribune, Aug. 19, 1913; Wilkes-Barre (PA) Times, April 25, 1917; Oregonian, May 11, 1919; Wyoming State Tribune, May 18, 1919; Kansas City (MO) Star, March 21, 1920; Columbia (SC) State, March 7, 1919. 4 John R. Gold and Margaret M. Gold, eds., Cities of Culture: Staging International Festivals and the Urban Agenda, 1851–2000 (Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate, 2005). 5 Wolfgang Sonne, Representing the State: Capital City Planning in the Early Twentieth Century (Munich: Prestel, 2003), 241–85; “Works Out World Centre Scheme,” American Architect, Sept. 3, 1919, 313; Edgar Ansel Mowrer and Lilian T. Mowrer, Umano and the Price of Lasting Peace (New York: Philosophical Library, 1973), 93–104; Soterios Nicholson, A World-City of Civilization (Rome: Communication Office of Hendrik C. Andersen, 1913). 6 Quotation from Boston Herald, Nov. 18, 1945. The early-twentieth-century understanding of “world city” is explained by Peter Hall, The World Cities (Stockholm: Aldus/Bonnier, 1966), who traced the term to Patrick Geddes, Cities in Evolution: An Introduction to the Town Planning Movement and the Study of Civics (London: Ernest Benn, 1915). This usage precedes the later concept of “global cities” used by social...