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Note: Italicized page numbers indicate figures and tables. African elephants, role in ecosystem, 6 Algoma Postglacial Lake Stage, 250 AmericanToads, 18, 68, 68–73, 216, 216, 219, 223–24, 242–43, 250 amphibians and reptiles in Michigan: overview, 29–30; checklist, 27–29 Ann Arbor, Michigan, 22 annuli (growth rings), 129, 130–31 Apostle Island Archipelago, 250 Appalachian region, North America, 30, 51 archaeological sites in Michigan, 223–35, 242–45 aspen forest, 12, 12 Australia, Pleistocene epoch, 238 Baker, Rollin H., 19 Beal-Steere, Joseph, 18 Beaver Archipelago, 249 Beaver Island, 20 beaver ponds, 15 bedrock, in Michigan, 1–3, 2 (map), 10 beech-maple assemblage, 11 Bernabo, J. C., 7 biological stations and preserves, 19 biotic provinces, 8, 9 (map) birds, parenting by, 238 Blanding’sTurtle, 20, 121, 121–25, 221–22, 229–31, 242, 244, 244–45 bogs, defined, 15–16 Borneman, David, 22 Bowker, Richard, 20 BoxTurtles, 135, 135–40, 232–33, 244–45 British Isles, native species, 17 Brownsnakes, 157, 191, 191–94, 248 C-14 (carbon-14), in radiocarbon dating, 214 “Cabinet of Natural History,” 18 Cambrian period, 211 Canadian Biotic Province, 8 Carolinian Biotic Province, 8 Carr, Archie, 9 Central Michigan University Biological Station, Beaver Island, 20 CherryTree substage, Kalsaka County, 5 classification of herpetological species, 22 climate: Holocene epoch, 5–8, 219; of MRLE regions, 9–10; PaintedTurtles as indicators of summer, 218; Pleistocene epoch, 237–38 Clinton County, Lake Ovic, 14 Coldwater River drainage system, 10 collagen, in radiocarbon dating, 215 collection and identification of herpetological species, 22–25, 214 color vision, in Eastern MuskTurtle, 144 commensals, 238 Congdon, Justin D., 20 Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan State University, 20 Cordilleran Ice Sheet, 236 Crayfish Snake, 189 Creaser, CharlesW., 20 Cretaceous period, 211 cultural periods: archaeological sequence of, 223; record of amphibians and reptiles, 211, 242, 242–45, 244 death-feigning, 165, 167, 193 Detroit Zoological Park, 21–22 Division of Natural Science, Michigan State University, 18–19 drumlins, 4 General Index 277 The Amphibians and Reptiles of Michigan 278 dystrophic lakes, 15 EarlyWoodland cultural period, 242 Emmet County ("Emmet Island"), 250–51 Endangered species: overview, 22; Copper-bellied Watersnake, 173; Eastern BoxTurtle, 139; Eastern Spiny Softshell turtle, 149; Kirtland's Snake, 158; Small-mouthed Salamander, 46 England, loss of diversity in flora and fauna, 17 Eocene epoch, 211 E. S. George Reserve, 20 eskers, 4 eutrophic lakes, 14 extinctions during North American Pleistocene, 237 fens (alkaline bogs), 16 field guides to Michigan amphibians and reptiles, 20 fires, 7 Fisheries Division, MDNR, 22 forests, 7, 10, 10–13, 11–12 fossil remains: dating, 214–15; diagnostic skeletal elements, frogs and toads, 219; digging, 212–14, 214; Holocene epoch, 214, 242–43; Late Wisconsinan glacial stage, 217, 239, 239; Michigan and Great Lakes region, 212; nature of, 212–13; Pleistocene epoch, 112, 212–13, 215, 242–43; tools for collecting, 214. See also names of individual species fossil sites. See Site Index Four-toed Salamanders, 52, 52–54 Foxsnakes, 183–86, 184, 186, 186–88, 235, 240, 245 frog hunting, 89 frogs, in general: atlas and sacral vertebra, 24; as bait, 96; fossil remains, 213; generalized skeleton, dorsal view, 23; pedicellate teeth, 30; red-leg disease, 97 frog species and subspecies: American Bullfrog, 23, 87, 87–90, 224, 240, 243; Bird-voicedTreefrog, 80; Blanchard's Cricket Frog, 75, 75–77; Boreal Chorus Frog, 84, 245; Cope’s GrayTreefrog, 77–80; GrayTreefrog, 77–81, 79; Green Frog, 70, 77, 212, 216–17, 240; Mink Frog, 93, 99, 99–101, 245; Northern Green Frog, 70, 77, 90–93, 91, 100, 216–17; Northern Leopard Frog, 87, 94, 95, 95–99, 240; Northern Spring Peeper, 81–84, 82; Pickerel Frog, 87, 93–95, 94; Spring Peeper, 86, 219–20, 242;True Frog, 224–25;Western Chorus Frog, 84–87, 85;Wood Frog, 101, 101–4, 240 Gaige, HelenT., 18 gape-and-suck feeding behavior, Blanding'sTurtle, 124 Gartersnake, 25, 157, 197, 197–99, 201–5, 202, 235–36, 240, 248, 250 geological history, Michigan: bedrock distribution, 1, 2 (map); Great Lakes region, 1–3, 3 (map), 4; landforms, 4; recent vegetational changes, 7–8; rocks, common, 2; surface formations, generalized, 5 (map) Geologic time scale, 1 Georgian Bay Archipelago, 250 gigantism, in individuals, 69 Gillingham, James C., 20 glacial stages, 3, 3–5, 236–37 glycerol, 79 Grand River system, 16 grasslands, 13, 13 (map) Gratz, Ronald, 20 Graves, Brent, 20 Great Lakes region, 241; fossil amphibian remains, 212; geological history, 1–3, 3 (map), 4...

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