Confederate Visions: Nationalism, Symbolism, and the Imagined South in the Civil War

Notes

Notes Introduction 1. Kentucky Ordinance of Secession, November 20, 1861. The resolution specifically mentions “fifteen states,” though only thirteen had seceded. Both New Mexico and Arizona Territories seceded (at Mesilla on March 16 and at Tucson on March 23), but neither was technically a state. Official Records, ser. IV, vol. 1, 741. 2. On the nature of time and narrative generally, see Ricouer, Time and Narrative. For two studies of the influence of time on Southern and Civil War history, see Smith, Mastered by the Clock, and Wells, Civil War Time. 3. On the antebellum delusions of both sides, see Thomas, The Dogs of War. 4. On the one hand, see Cash, The Mind of the South; Taylor, Cavalier and Yankee; and McWhiney and Jamieson, Attack and Die. On the other hand, see Pessen, “How Different from Each Other.” 5. Faust, The Creation of Confederate Nationalism, 6. 6. Rable, The Confederate Republic, 124. 7. Joseph Addison Turner, “The State of the Country,” The Countryman, May 2, 1865, 266. 8. Turner, “The Five Points,” The Countryman, May 23, 1865, 285. 9. Faust, The Creation of Confederate Nationalism, 6–7. There have been excellent studies of Confederate nationalism. See Thomas, The Confederacy as Revolutionary Experience, and The Confederate Nation; Escott, After Secession; Beringer et al., Why the South Lost; Rable, The Confederate Republic; Bonner, Colors and Blood; Rubin, A Shattered Nation; Bonner, Mastering America; McCurry, Confederate Reckoning; Bernath, Confederate Minds; and Quigley, Shifting Grounds. See also Asperheim, “Double Characters.” 10. Faust, The Creation of Confederate Nationalism, 6–7. 11. Bonner, Mastering America, xvi, 254 passim. 12. McCurry, Confederate Reckoning, 1. 13. Rable, The Confederate Republic, 120–21. 14. Rubin, A Shattered Nation, 1, 11, 247. 15. Bernath, Confederate Minds, 4, 287. Bernath overturns Faust’s assessment that “anything published and disseminated in the initial months of the war had a far greater potential impact than information made public after the severe restraints of 150 notes to pages 9–16 war had been imposed on the southern media. Confederate nationalism was thus inhibited in its ability to grow and change. What was said initially is what was heard most widely” (Faust, The Creation of Confederate Nationalism, 17–18). 16. Quigley, Shifting Grounds, 5, 173. 17. See, for example, Wyatt-Brown, Southern Honor, and Greenberg, Masters and Statesmen. 18. McCardell, The Idea of a Southern Nation, 3–4, 91. 19. Dew, Apostles of Disunion, 54. 20. See, for example, Wallenstein, From Slave South to New South, and Williams, Rich Man’s War. 21. Jacobellis v. Ohio, 378 U.S. 184 (1964), Justice Stewart concurring at 197. On his understanding of “hard-core pornography,” Stewart wrote, “I shall not today attempt further to define the kinds of material I understand to be embraced within that shorthand description; and perhaps I could never succeed in intelligibly doing so. But I know it when I see it, and the motion picture involved in this case is not that” (available at http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=378&invol=184, accessed December 20, 2012). 22. On this latter point, see Burton and Binnington, “‘And Bid Him Bear a Patriot’s Part.’” 23. Curtin, “The Black Experience of Colonialism and Imperialism,” 20. 24. Calhoun, Nationalism, 4–5. For other important definitions of nationalism, see Ernest Renan, Qu’est-ce qu’une nation, trans. Ida Mae Snyder (Paris: CalmannLevy , 1882), 26; Anthony Giddens, A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism : II. The Nation-State and Violence (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1985), 119; Walker Connor, “A Nation Is a Nation, Is a State, Is an Ethnic Group, Is a . . . ,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 1, no. 4 (1978): 388; Anderson, Imagined Communities, 6; Tom Narin, The Break-Up of Britain (London: New Left Press, 1977), 348; Greenfield, Nationalism , 3; and Zelinsky, Nation into State, 4–6. 25. Searle-White, The Psychology of Nationalism, 85. 26. Õzkirimli, Theories of Nationalism, 206, 208–9, 210–11. Õzkirimli’s assertions about the daily reproduction of nationalism echo the ideas of Billig, Banal Nationalism . 27. Confino, The Nation as a Local Metaphor, 3, 4. 28. Wiebe, “Imagined Communities,” 53–54; Wiebe, Who We Are, 5. 29. Anderson, Imagined Communities, 6–7, 17–40, esp. 40. 30. Cullen, The Civil War in Popular Culture, 3. 31. Leonard, News for All, 12. Barbara Ellis makes a similar claim for the Memphis Appeal, noting that editor John Reid McClanahan was “mindful of the illiterate Grandmother Pugh and those unable to afford a paper who depended on others to read the...