The Equality of Believers: Protestant Missionaries and the Racial Politics of South Africa

Contents

CONTENTS Acknowledgments vii Introduction: The Equality of Believers 1 Part I • The Missionaries, Their Converts, and Their Enemies 1 The Missionaries: From Egalitarianism to Paternalism 13 2 The Africans: Embracing the Gospel of Equality 26 3 The Dutch Settlers: Confining the Gospel of Equality 39 4 The Political Missionaries: “Our Religion Must Embody Itself in Action” 52 5 The Missionary Critique of the African: Witchcraft, Marriage, and Sexuality 65 6 The Revolt of the Black Clergy: “We Can’t Be Brothers” 82 Part II • The Benevolent Empire and the Social Gospel 7 The “Native Question” and the Benevolent Empire 103 8 A Christian Coalition of Paternal Elites 116 9 The Social Gospel: The Ideology of the Benevolent Empire 132 10 High Point of the Christian Alliance: A South African Locarno 149 11 The Enemies of the Benevolent Empire: Gelykstelling Condemned 163 Part III • The Parting of the Ways 12 A Special Education for Africans? 181 13 The Abolition of the Cape Franchise: A “Door of Citizenship” Closed 202 14 The Evangelical Invention of Apartheid 222 15 Neo-Calvinism: A Worldview for a Missionary Volk 238 16 The Stagnation of the Social Gospel 258 17 The Abolition of the Mission Schools: A Second “Door of Citizenship” Closed 279 18 A Divided Missionary Impulse and Its Political Heirs 297 Conclusion 319 Notes 327 Bibliography 387 Index 417 vi Contents ...