Indian Voices: Listening to Native Americans

Notes

337 Notes preface 1. Margaret L. Archuleta, Brenda J. Child, and K. Tsianina Lomawaima, eds., Away from Home: American Indian Boarding School Experiences (Phoenix, AZ: Heard Museum, 2000), dedication page (the figure “tens of thousands”), 16. 2. It is also quoted as “Kill the Indian and save the man.” introduction 1. National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Do All Indians Live in Tipis? Questions and Answers from the National Museum of the American Indian (New York: Harper Collins, 2007). 2. Archuleta, Child, and Lomawaima, Away from Home, 31. 3. Bureau of Justice Statistics report, “American Indians and Crime,” http://bjs.ojp .usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/aic02.pdf. chapter 1 — a man of the dawn 1. Donna M. Loring, In the Shadow of the Eagle: A Tribal Representative in Maine (Gardiner, ME: Tilbury House, 2008), 4–9, 20, 25–32, 47–48, 50–53, 57, 154, 161. 2. National Museum of the American Indian, Do All Indians Live in Tipis? 12. 3. See also quoted references to the word’s origins by Abenaki scholar Marge Bruchac, in Paula Gunn Allen, “Does Euro-Think Become Us?” in Make a Beautiful Way: The Wisdom of Native American Women, ed. Barbara Alice Mann (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008), 18–19. chapter 2 — “indians 101” 1. The term, originally “Indian 101,” was coined around 1970 by Americans for Indian Opportunity, an organization founded by LaDonna Harris. See more at http:// www.aio.org. Notes.qxd 12/14/10 8:30 AM Page 337 2. Maria Tallchief with Larry Kaplan, Maria Tallchief: America’s Prima Ballerina (New York: Henry Holt, 1997), chap. 1. 3. The Bureau of Investigation’s 3,274-page report may be read at http://foia.fbi .gov/foiaindex/osageind.htm. 4. See Dennis McAuliffe Jr., Bloodland: A Family Story of Oil, Greed and Murder on the Osage Reservation (San Francisco: Council Oak Books, 1999), 250, 251. Originally published in 1994 as The Deaths of Sybil Bolton, by Times Books. 5. For background and details, see http://www.CobellSettlement.com. 6. At the time of the settlement, Interior deputy secretary David Hayes, blaming “the legacy of the Dawes Act, which allotted individual Indians with interest in the trust land” and did not take inheritance into account, cited a case in which one forty-acre plot had 439 owners. The majority receive less than a dollar annually from it. 7. Full disclosure: I led one called “Collecting Tribal Oral Histories,” aware of the irony of a non-Native invited to instruct Native people about oral histories. The invitation reflected WEWIN’s openness and that of cofounder Susan Masten. chapter 3 — a trio of lumbees 1. Barbara Alice Mann, “Slow Runners,” in Mann, Make a Beautiful Way, 71. 2. North Carolina’s Revised State Constitution of 1835 mandated that people of color did not have the rights of people with, in effect, no color. Walt Wolfram, Clare Dannenberg, Stanley Knick, and Linda Oxendine, Fine in the World: Lumbee Language in Time and Place (Raleigh: North Carolina State University, 2002), 42. 3. Adolph L. Dial and David K. Eliades, The Only Land I Know: A History of the Lumbee Indians (San Francisco: Indian Historian Press, 1975), 2–4, 10–11. 4. Mann, “Slow Runners,” 102. 5. For a concise and compelling volume about the disaster, see Theda Perdue and Michael D. Green, The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears (New York: Viking, 2007). 6. Ibid., 139 (figure), 117 (quotation). 7. Ibid., 133. There are six other state-recognized tribes in North Carolina. The list excludes the Tuscarora, with whom the Lumbees are often associated. 8. Christopher Arris Oakley, Keeping the Circle: American Indian Identity in Eastern North Carolina, 1885–2004 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2005), 49–50. 9. Fergus M. Bordewich, Killing the White Man’s Indian (New York: Doubleday, 1996), 63. 10. A 1956 federal “Lumbee Act” recognized the Lumbees as a Native community but at the same time said they were ineligible to continue with the Federal Acknowledgment Process (FAP), leaving them in bureaucratic limbo. Oakley, Keeping the Circle, 126–133. 11. See http://ncmuseumofhistory.org/workshops/civilrights1/cr_oral_histories/clip2 .swf. Special thanks to transcriber Sheri Prager for discovering this interview. 12. Oakley, Keeping the Circle, 57. notes 338 Notes.qxd 12/14/10 8:30 AM Page 338 13. Gerald M. Sider, Lumbee Indian Histories/Race: Ethnicity, and Indian Identity in the Southern United States...