No Permanent Waves: Recasting Histories of U.S. Feminism

Index

435 INDEX abolitionists, 5; and black feminisms, 61, 62–64, 125, 128, 129; European influences on, 24; as first wave feminists, 16–22, 24–29, 33, 71, 123, 126, 129, 131; among labor rights advocates, 310, 311, 315. See also slavery abortion: Chicana interest in legalization of, 88, 89; legalization of, 15, 179, 184, 343, 414; in Portugal, 263; public funding for, 184–185; rationale for, 258; threats to right to, 168, 184, 265 Abzug, Bella, 260 Aceves, Lilia, 77, 78, 82, 88, 90, 91 ACLU. See American Civil Liberties Union Addams, Jane, 146, 195 Adkins v. Children’s Hospital, 146–147 adultery laws (Spain), 263 advertising: feminist magazines’ relation to, 278–280, 285–288, 292; gender-based, for employment, 249, 363; sexist, 290–293 Advocates for Women, 366 AFDC. See Aid to Families with Dependent Children affirmative action, 10, 356–378 AFL-CIO, 148, 150, 156–158 Afric-American Female Intelligence Society, 19 African American men: as abolitionists, 22, 24, 33; and affirmative action, 10, 357, 368; African American women’s struggles with and against, 421–422; citizenship and suffrage for, 26, 30, 64, 130–132; and “restoration” of black families, 68; and Riot Grrrl movement, 390; and Shakur’s prison escape, 59n36; and tenant movement in New York City, 342, 350; in welfare rights leadership positions, 67, 173, 182. See also African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church; Black Power groups; Black studies; civil rights movement; hip-hop; rap music and rapping; slavery African American women: as abolitionists, 20, 21–22, 28–29, 33, 62–63, 71; and affirmative action, 10, 356–378; church status issues for, 7, 9, 121–143; citizenship for, 26; in civil rights movement, 65–67, 70; and first wave feminism, 3, 8, 16, 19, 21–22, 27–32, 64, 421, 424; forced sterilization of, 184, 185; as labor feminists, 148–151, 156; and lesbian separatists, 232; magazines for, 279; multiple political identities of, 44–45, 73–74, 418–419, 421–422, 424; in second wave feminism, 6, 33, 40–43, 45, 47–49, 54, 403, 404, 413–424; and Seneca Falls Woman’s Rights Convention, 128; as servants, 19, 62, 69–70, 102, 309–310; and tenant movement in New York City, 337–340, 348; and third wave feminism, 103, 379, 403, 413, 418–419; urban renewal’s impact on, 331–332; and welfare rights as a feminist issue, 9, 67–68, 70, 168–192. See also Black feminism; Black Power groups; Black studies; civil rights movement; hip-hop; oppressions: interlocking; slavery African American Women in Defense of Ourselves, 48 African American Women’s Clergy Association, 370 African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church, 122–143 AFSCME, 365 Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 67, 68, 168, 169, 171, 172, 177, 179 Aid to Needy Children-Mothers Anonymous, 172 Alarcon, Norma, 99–101 Alexander, M. Jacqui, 99, 111–113 Alexander, Priscilla, 253, 259–260, 264–266 Alioto, Joseph, 250 Allen, Elizabeth, 7 Allen, Paula Gunn, 40 alliances. See coalitions ALP. See American Labor Party Amalgamated Clothing Workers, 148–150, 153 Ambers, Gerry, 210 AME Church. See African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church INDEX 436 American Anti-Slavery Society, 18, 19, 20 American Bar Association, 260 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 253, 254, 260–262, 334 American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (AFSCME), 365 American G.I. Forum, 79 American Indian Movement, 41, 43 American Indians, 6, 16, 24–25, 29–30, 32, 36n36; forced sterilization of, 184; at IWCs, 206; in second wave feminism, 40, 41–42, 48; and welfare rights, 173; and “white shamanism,” 50. See also First Nation women American Labor Party (ALP), 331–333 American Moral Reform Society, 125 American Social Science Association, 321 American Tract Society, 136 American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA), 130–131 American Women (President’s Commission on the Status of Women report), 144–145, 158–161 American Workman, 309, 314 amnesia (historical), 275–276, 359, 370. See also memory (historical vs. living) Anderson, Benedict, 214 Anderson, Mary, 152, 153 Angry Women in Rock, 390 Anneke, Mathilde, 26 Anthony, Susan B., 2, 3, 15, 20–21, 27, 314, 316 anti-Semitism, 47, 48, 52. See also Jews Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women, 20 antislavery movement. See abolitionists antiwar movement, 46, 193–220, 226, 344. See also peace activists; Vietnam War Anzaldúa, Gloria, 40, 49, 99, 107–109 Aquash, Anna Mae, 49 Arizona, 29, 30, 80 Asian American Political Alliance, 41 Asian American women, 29, 31, 40, 41, 43, 45, 198, 204. See also...