Marketing Dreams, Manufacturing Heroes: The Transnational Labor Brokering of Filipino Workers

Index

Index accents, 196 accountability, 83, 100 accreditation, 212n19; of employers, 92, 220n10; of Philippine Embassy, 35 adaptability, 23, 153 added export value, 11, 123–154, 178–203, 206–207; disparate work responsibilities and, 185–191; of education, 143, 153, 181; Filipino nursing care and, 180–185; flexibility as, 135–136, 179, 182–183, 194–198; gendered, 153; manpower sourcing/pooling and, 139–153; marketing perceptions and, 126–139; medical culture of fear and, 191–194; overqualification and, 137–139, 153–154; racialization of, 134–135, 153; specifications of, 132–133. See also comparative advantage adventure, 114, 128 advertisements, 139; for Baylor, 116–117; in classified section, 2, 142; for Filipino workers, 213n2; for PEAs, 113 agencies. See private employment agencies (PEAs) agriculture, 27–29, 214n12, 214n16 Alberto (nurse migrant), 172–173 all-around workers, 150–153 ambassadors of goodwill, 149; dishonoring, 52–58; responsibility for, 206 American dream, 155–177; Americanized nursing subjects and, 158–159; education and, 171–173; families of overseas workers and, 168–170; Filipino communities and, 163–165; Filipinos as “born to have,” 165–168; the good life and, 173–177; hiring packages and, 161–163, 164–165; nurse shortage and, 159–161 Americanized consumerism, 115, 156–157, 166–168; ready-to-leave Filipinos and, 130–131. See also consumption Americanized nursing subjects, 158–159 American nurses. See white nurses Angelo,Virgilio, 74–75 Ansel (nurse migrant), 184–185, 191–192, 193 application process for U.S. work, 172 appropriate femininity, 133 Aquino, Corazon, 32, 33, 34, 52, 54, 211n1 Arizona, 155 Arroyo, Gloria Macapagal, ix, 3, 4, 21–22, 45–46, 156; audience of, 218n23; cultural ambassadors and, 176; new aristocracy and, 72; PEOSs and, 59; policy changes by, 88; Supermaid training program and, 70 Artist Record Book system, 35 Asian Development Bank (ADB), 34 Asis, Maruja, 211n2 235 assertiveness, 83 Association of Southeast Asian Nations, 47, 216n35 Auerbach, Douglas, 159 authority, 137, 146, 148, 182 baby boomers, 108, 160 bachelor’s degree in nursing, 132; added export value and, 181; job security and, 194–195. See also education bagong bayani (modern-day heroes), ix, 38, 122, 156; Aquino and, 33; Catholicism and, 25; coining of term, 211n1; Contemplacion as, 36; dishonoring, 52–58; ethos of labor migration and, 49; of families, 169–170; responsibility for, 206; Rizal and, 54 Bagong Bayani Award (BBA), 52–54, 75, 216n5 Balabagan, Sara, 34–35 balikbayan (expatriate), 16, 18, 22 Bangko sentral ng Pilipinas (Central Bank of the Philippines; BSP), 215n21 Bangladesh, 48 bargaining, 61 Barkada (nurse migrant), 170, 185 Batillano, Zenaida, 53 Baylor Health Care System, 116–117 BBA. See Bagong Bayani Award (BBA) bedside care, 201 behavior, 57–58, 64, 125, 141; illegal activities of workers and, 148–149 Bell Trade Act (1946), 28 benefits for POEA-award-winning agencies, 93 benevolent assimilation proclamation, 25 bilateral agreements with foreign nations, 104 Bing (nurse migrant), 195 biodata, 142, 223n8 brain gain, 76–77 Brion, Arturo, 76–77, 78 British nurses, 134, 146, 184 brochures, 43–44, 66, 161 BSP. See Bangko sentral ng Pilipinas (Central Bank of the Philippines; BSP) Buerhaus, Peter, 159 Burchell, Graham, 216n3 bureaucracy, 102–103 Bureau of Foreign Employment (Sri Lanka), 208 buying power, 156, 167 Canada, 134 care crisis, 75, 128 care workers, 5, 111, 153, 212n6; gendered norms about, 133; globalizing, 9–11; live-in, 111; marketing perceptions of, 126 caring, 132–133. See also tender loving care (TLC) Casco, Ricardo, 39–40, 41–42, 47, 54, 217n16; on commodification of OFWs, 55, 204 Catalig,Viveca, 95 Catholicism, 24, 25, 219n28 Center for Overseas Workers, 218n17 certified nursing assistants (CNAs), 185–186 Chavez, Helen, 81 checkbook diplomacy, 47 Cherry (nurse migrant), 180 childrearing, 175, 218n24 China, 207. See also Hong Kong Chinese employers, 64 Choy, Catherine Ceniza, 23, 26–27, 105, 132, 158; culture of migration and, 205, 211n2 Christianity, 24 citizenship, 3, 18, 161, 172 Index 236 class, 16–17, 115, 154 classified ads, 2, 142 Client Referral Assistance program, 93 coaching applicants, 144–153; added export value and, 154; gendered dynamics of, 149 college graduates, 143 colonial history of Philippines, 4, 10, 23, 24–27, 132; trope of productive femininity and, 135; U.S. relations, 25–27, 32, 158, 166, 180 combativeness, 61, 199 “comfort zones,” 174–175 Commission on Filipinos Overseas (CFO), 13; Education Modules and, 61–63 commodification, 51; of “ideal labor,” 206; of OFWs, 55, 204 comparative advantage, 2, 11; discipline and, 124–125...