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351 Italicized page numbers refer to figures. Abrams, Richard, 41, 105, 145, 175, 252; authorship of ECT textbook, 208–209; nondisclosure of financial conflict, 208; ownership of Somatics Inc., 103, 132, 162, 175, 208–209; patents on ECT accessories, 208 Aden, Gary, 76–78, 86, 170, 283 Aden v. Younger, 75–78, 83 Ad-Hoc Committee for a Moratorium on Electroshock, 164–165 Alabama, legislation on shock treatment, 74–75, 113 Alexander, Leo, 41 Alpers, Bernard, 45, 48 Alternatives ’99, 239 American Medical Association, 111, 119 American Psychiatric Association (APA): consent form for shock treatment, 93, 149–150, 156, 159, 203, 247–248, 296; denial of brain damage from shock treatment, 91–92, 148–149, 275; denial of permanent memory loss from shock treatment, 89–91, 148–149; influence on the media, 124–128, 129–130, 133, 135–136, 213, 225; opposition to regulation of shock treatment, 88, 92–93; opposition to safety investigation of shock treatment, 144–146, 170, 175, 197; opposition to statistics on shock treatment use, 136, 214, 268; petition to the FDA to reclassify ECT devices, 146, 148–155, 287; as stand-in for shock machine manufacturers, 144–145, 146, 153, 189; Task Force on ECT (1974–1978), 86–88; Task Force Report on ECT (1978), 86, 88–93, 125, 128–129, 134, 144, 148, 192; Task Force on ECT (1988–2001), 131, 268, 290; Task Force Report on ECT (1990), 122, 182, 199, 203, 208, 226, 250; Task Force Report on ECT (2001), 199, 204; use of public relations tactics, 83–85, 86–87, 107, 124–126, 127–128, 133, 135, 136, 137, 213, 253 American Society for Electrotherapy (ASE), 78. See also International Psychiatric Association for the Advancement of Electrotherapy (IPAEE) AMI (Autobiographical Memory Inventory), 185, 273, 335n35 amnesia: anterograde in ECT patients, 264–265, 272; in metrazol shock, 32–33; permanent in ECT patients, 58–63, 89, 112–113, 115, 149, 150, 156–157, 184, 185, 186, 210, 216, 226, 235, 244, 251, 272, 273, 274, 282, 293, 296, 297; in shocked animals, 48 anesthesia, 49, 56–57, 99–101, 133, 328n34 Angell, Marcia, 191 animal studies, 48, 202, 257–258. See also under autopsy studies “antipsychiatry,” 16, 107, 207 Arons, Bernie, 233–234 As Empty as Eve (Roueché), 112–113, 269 Association for Convulsive Therapy (ACT), 79, 171 Atlantic Monthly, 128–130, 227–230 Austwick, Lucille, 233, 260, 264 autopsy studies: animal, 44–48, 91, 99, 159, 202; human, 48–51, 91–92, 99 Azemar, Andre, 261–262 ban on shock treatment, 80–81, 155, 224, 226, 227, 228, 243–244, 245, 284–286, 302; in Berkeley (Calif.), 80, 285, 302; in Europe, 285 Barhash, Abraham, 53 Barrera, S. Eugene, 91 Bayh-Dole Law, 199 believing game, 180 Benson, James, 141 Berkeley (California), 80, 155, 285, 302 Bernays, Edward, 70, 95 Bernstein, Joel, 224–227, 258 Binding, Karl, 37 Bini, Lucio, 34, 44 Blachly, Paul, 78, 79, 103, 120–121, 123, 194 brain damage: acceptability for mental patients, 50–51, 54, 91, 275; as cause of improvement in shock patients, 49–51, 98, 157, 164; denial of in shock treatment , 57–58, 88, 91–92, 148–149, 166, 202, 206, 219, 237, 242, 253–254, 259; Index Index 12/6/08 3:24 AM Page 351 brain damage (Continued) depression and, 253–258, 265; from ECT, 8–12, 44, 82, 87, 99–100, 117, 143, 187, 200–202, 226, 229, 235, 257–258, 267, 274–275; from insulin shock, 31; from metrazol shock, 33; in human autopsy studies, 48–51; professional warnings about, 45, 48–51, 52–54, 55, 59–60, 65, 275; in shocked animals, 44–48, 91 brain scans, 23, 44, 117, 202, 205–206, 253, 255, 256, 265, 275. See also CAT scan; MRI Breggin, Peter, 115–118, 122, 131, 135, 162–163, 225–226, 249 brief pulse shock treatment: as element of public relations campaign, 79, 101–104, 133; false claims of less electricity, 100–101, 237; false claims of less memory loss, 104, 151, 205; machine modifications to increase electrical output, 103–104; 1940s–1950s experiments, 54–56, 103, 151; recommended by FDA, 142 Brody, M. B., 58–60 CAEST (Coalition for the Abolition of Electroshock in Texas), 17 California: legislation on shock treatment, 75–78, 80; statistics on shock treatment, 133 Cameron, Douglas, 103–104, 243 Cameron, Ewen, 283 Canadian Psychiatric Association, 183–184 Cannicott, S.M., 52 Caras, Sylvia, 280 Carnegie, Andrew, 28 Carrel, Alexis, 29 Carter, Rosalynn, 239 Carter Center, 231...

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