Notes
Notes Introduction 1. The two-day tour of Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon), Vietnam, took place in May 2006. Mr. Huynh Van No was our local guide. 2. Interviews by the author in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, in June 2006. Staff Sergeant No belonged to the First Battalion, Third Regiment, ARVN An Giang Provincial Command, in the Vietnam War. 3. Interviews by the author at St. Paul, Minnesota, in February 2003. Lt. Nguyen Yen Xuan served in C Company, Second Battalion, Airborne Division, ARVN, in the war. 4. Each chapter includes a list for further reading on the specific topic, such as the ARVN, NVA, Viet Cong, U.S. Rolling Thunder, or the Chinese forces, in the endnotes. It provides some information on recently published personal memoirs, oral history, and scholarly books. 5. For the details of the Soviet aid, see Li Danhui, “The Sino-Soviet Dispute over Assistance for Vietnam’s Anti-American War, 1965–1972,” http://www.shenzhihua .net/ynzz/000123.htm, 4–5. Her source is Foreign Trade Bureau, “Minutes of Meeting between Chinese and Vietnamese Transportation Delegates,” July 26, 1965, International Liaison Division Records, PRC Ministry of Railway Administration Archives, Beijing, China. 6. Li, “The Sino-Soviet Dispute over Assistance for Vietnam’s Anti-American War, 1965–1972,” 1–2. 7. Ilya V. Gaiduk, The Soviet Union and the Vietnam War (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1996), 59. 8. Guo Ming, Zhongyue guanxi yanbian sishinian (Uncertain Relations between China and Vietnam, 1949–1989) (Nanning: Guangxi renmin chubanshe [Guangxi People’s Press], 1992), 103. 9. Chen Jian and Xiaobing Li, “China and the End of the Global Cold War,” conference paper for the “Fifth Cold War Conference Series: From Détente to the Soviet Collapse” at the First Division Museum at Cantigny, Wheaton, Illinois, October 12, 2005. 10. Chen Jian and Xiaobing Li, “China and the End of the Cold War,” in From Détente to the Soviet Collapse: The Cold War from 1975 to 1991, ed. Malcolm Muir Jr., 121 (Lexington: Virginia Military Institute, 2005). 11. For more detailed discussions, see Niu Jun, “Mao Zedong’s Crisis Conception and Origins of the Sino-Soviet Alliance’s Collapse,” in Lengzhan yu zhongguo (The Cold War and China), ed. Zhang Baijia and Niu Jun, 273–296 (Beijing: Shijie zhishi chubanshe [World Knowledge Publishing], 2002). 12. China had provided a total of 6.7 billion yuan in foreign aid by 1963. The foreign aid consisted of about 2 percent of China’s annual national expenditure. National Bureau of the Foreign Economy and Liaison, Report on the Current Foreign Aid and Request for More Foreign Aid in the Future (Beijing, China), September 1, 1961. 13. Up to 1967, the military and economic aid from the Communist states had totaled 1.6 billion rubles (Russian currency), or about $1.6 billion. Russian aid was valued at 547 million rubles, 34.2 percent of the total, while the Chinese aid was worth 666 million rubles, about 41.6 percent. See Gaiduk, The Soviet Union and the Vietnam War, 58, 264 n. 4. 14. Shuguang Zhang, “Beijing’s Aid to Hanoi and the United States-China Confrontations, 1964–1968,” in Behind the Bamboo Curtain: China, Vietnam, and the World beyond Asia, ed. Priscilla Roberts, 271 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press, 2006). 15. Zhang Aiping et al., Zhongguo renmin jiefangjun (The Chinese People’s Liberation Army) (Beijing: Dangdai zhongguo chubanshe [Contemporary China Press], 1994), 1:274, 276. Also see Han Huaizhi, Dangdai zhongguo jundui de junshi gongzuo (Contemporary Chinese Military Affairs) (Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe [China Social Sciences Press], 1989), 1:70, 540, 557; and Xiao Shizhong, “An Important Military Operation to Put Out Flames of War in Indochina ,” in Military History Research Division, China Academy of Military Science, ed., Junqi piaopiao: xinzhongguo 50 nian junshi dashi shushi (PLA Flag Fluttering: Facts of China’s Major Military Events in the Past Fifty Years) (Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe [PLA Press], 1999), 2:451. 16. Qu Aiguo, Bao Mingrong, and Xiao Zuyue, eds., Yuanyue kangmei: zhongguo zhiyuan budui zai yuenan (Aid Vietnam and Resist America: China’s Volunteer Forces in Vietnam) (Beijing: Junshi kexue chubanshe [Military Science Press], 1995), 12. 17. Gaiduk, The Soviet Union and the Vietnam War, 16–18. 18. Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, Mao: The Unknown Story (New York: Knopf, 2005), 357. 19. Spencer C. Tucker, Vietnam (Lexington: Univ. Press of Kentucky, 1999), 133. 20. Interviews by the author in Chengde, Hebei Province, China, in July 2006. Maj. Guo Haiyun...
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