The Indian Ocean Tsunami: The Global Response to a Natural Disaster

Illustrations and Tables

vii Illustrations and Tables Figures I.1. Areas affected by the Indian Ocean Tsunami 2 1.1. Andaman Sea coast of south Thailand 36 1.2. Measured tsunami height in Khao Lak and Phuket 38 1.3. Tsunami flow in the northern part of the Nam Khem plain 43 1.4. Coastal change in the northern part of the Khao Lak plain 47 2.1. Location of Banda Aceh, Indonesia 52 2.2. Landform classification of the Banda Aceh coastal plain 53 2.3. Relationship between tsunami height and damages in the geoenvironment of the Banda Aceh coastal plain 55 2.4. Tsunami inundation in the Banda Aceh coastal plain 55 2.5. Direction and height of the tsunami flow in the Banda Aceh coastal plain 56 2.6. Casualties and missing people shown on a population map of Aceh province 60 3.1. Places affected by the tsunami along the Tamil Nadu coast 70 4.1. Methodology for tsunami water inundation mapping and groundwater quality 100 4.2. Seawater inundation along the Tamil Nadu coast 102 4.3. The study area: Kaveri delta 105 4.4. Location of surface and groundwater sample sites 109 5.1. Map of Andaman and Nicobar Islands 115 6.1. Location of atolls in the Maldives 129 7.1. Location of Seenigama village, Sri Lanka 137 7.2. Map of Seenigama and damages caused by the tsunami 139 7.3. Five types of house construction 147 7.4. Map of Taro Town, Iwate Prefecture, Japan 148 7.5. People’s response to the tsunami in Taro Town 153 7.6. Taro reconstruction plan 154 viii Illustrations and Tables 7.7. Structure of how raw experiences are transformed into active experiences 158 7.8. Structure of vulnerability 158 7.9. Elements for mitigating the disastrous consequences of tsunamis 159 8.1. Map of tsunami-affected areas of south Thailand 166 8.2. Map of Phuket Island tourist resorts 167 9.1. South India location of Cuddalore district 189 10.1. Map of the Nagapattinam coast 217 Photographs I.1. Fishing villages were damaged along the Andaman Sea coast of Thailand 3 I.2. Tsunami damage in the tourist resort of Phuket, Thailand 3 I.3. Tsunami damage in Aceh 14 I.4. Tsunami Nagar, a housing development in Chennai for tsunami victims, built with funding from the World Bank 25 1.1. Tsunami-damaged buildings in Patong Beach, Phuket 37 1.2. Destroyed resort cottages in south Khao Lak 40 1.3. Boulders carried by the tsunami on the coast of Pakarang Cape 40 1.4. Damaged buildings in Nam Khem 41 1.5. A fishing boat carried by the tsunami to the inner part of the Nam Khem coastal plain 44 1.6. Permanent rehabilitation houses in Nam Khem built by the Thai military 48 1.7. Recovered resort hotel and sign detailing evacuation route in Khao Lak 49 2.1. Temporary bridge on the main road on the west coast of Sumatra 58 2.2. Tents in the suburbs of Banda Aceh 61 2.3. Permanent rehabilitation houses in Ulee Lheue district 62 3.1a–f. Tsunami damages along the Tamil Nadu coast 72–73 3.2a–f. Tsunami damages and invasion of seawater 74–75 3.3. Satellite image of Karaikal before and after the tsunami, showing the inundation of villages 76 3.4. Satellite image of the Kodiyakarai region before and after the tsunami, showing landform changes 76 3.5a–f. Tsunami-induced erosion along the coast of Tamil Nadu 78–79 3.6a–f. Deposition of tsunami-borne sediments along the Tamil Nadu coast 81–82 Illustrations and Tables ix 4.1. Damaged home in Kaveri delta 103 4.2. Mapping the tsunami impact in Muthupet lagoon 107 4.3. Assessing water quality, Nagapattinam district 110 5.1. Mangrove area in Sippighat, South Andaman, destroyed by inundation of seawater due to subduction of land 122 5.2. Seawater intrusion in agricultural fields adjacent to mangrove area in Sippighat, South Andaman, due to subduction of land 123 5.3. Mangrove area in Kalighat Creek, North Andaman, exposed during spring tides due to emergence of land 124 5.4. Coral reefs ecosystem of the North Reef, North Andaman, exposed during spring tides due to emergence of land 125 6.1. Contaminated well and damaged water storage tank 130 6.2. Male International Airport inundated by the tsunami 131 6...