The Abolition of Slavery in Ottoman Tunisia

Notes

Notes Introduction 1. On the traffic dimension in Tripoli, see Wright, “Enforced Migration,” 62–70. 2. Brown, Tunisia of Ahmad Bey, 90, 225, 253. 3. Ennaji and Ben Sghir, “La Grande-Bretagne,” 249–81; Drescher, Abolition, 3. 4. See Miller, “Historical Approaches to Slavery,” 394. 5. See Toledano, “Bringing the Slaves Back In,” 7–20. 6. Lovejoy, Transformations in Slavery, xxi; Boahen, Britain, the Sahara, and the Western Sudan; Miers, Britain and the Ending of the Slave Trade; Toledano, Ottoman Slave Trade; Toledano, Slavery and Abolition; Ennaji, Serving the Master; Austen, “Mediterranean Islamic Slave Trade,” 214–48. 7. See Brown, Tunisia of Ahmad Bey, 321; Moreau, Réforme de l’État et réformismes au Maghreb, see especially the introduction; Van der Haven, “Abolition of Slavery in Tunisia,” 449; Van der Haven, “Scattered Pearls,” chapter 3; Larguèche, L’abolition de l’esclavage en Tunisie, 26; Larguèche, “Abolition of Slavery in Tunisia,” 330–39; and Brett, “Modernization,” 18. 8. Lovejoy, Transformations in Slavery, xxi. 9. Chater, Dépendance et mutations précoloniales; al-Imam, Siyasat Hammudah Basha, 302–3. 10. Valensi, On the Eve of Colonialism, 43–46; Anderson, State and Social Transformation , 59. 11. Valensi, “Esclaves chrétiens,” 1275–76. 12. Ibid.; Valensi, On the Eve of Colonialism, 44. 13. See, for instance, Austen, Trans-Saharan Africa in World History, 23. 14. See Lydon, On Trans-Saharan Trails, 293–324; and Austen, “Marginalization, Stagnation, and Growth,” 311. 15. Anderson, State and Social Transformation, 59; Raymond, “British Policy towards Tunis,” 25–26. 16. Austen, “Mediterranean Islamic Slave Trade,” 214–48. 17. Wright, “Morocco,” 53–66; Wright, Trans-Saharan Slave Trade, 39. 18. Austen, “Mediterranean Islamic Slave Trade” 227. 19. See al-Imam, La Politique de Hammouda Pacha, 302; and Chater, Dépendance 164 · Notes to Pages 8–16 et mutations précoloniales, 137–41. See also Boahen, “Caravan Trade,” 349–59; Newbury , “North Africa and Western Sudan Trade,” 233–34; Austen, “Marginalization, Stagnation, and Growth”; and Austen and Cordell, “Trade, Transportation, and Expanding Economic Networks,” 88–113. 20. Fadel, “Fatwas and Social History”; Masud, Messick, and Powers, Islamic Legal Interpretations; and Humphreys, Islamic History, 202. Chapter 1. The Slave Trade from the Ottoman Period 1. For the Ottoman conquest of Tunisia, see Abun-Nasr, History of the Maghrib; Moalla, Regency of Tunis and the Ottoman Porte; Chérif, “Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya,” 122–23; and Hess, “Forgotten Frontier,” 74–87. 2. See Abun-Nasr, “Beylicate,” 70–71. 3. See Mantran, “L’evolution des relations entre la Tunisie et l’Empire Ottomane,” 321. 4. Abun-Nasr, History of the Maghrib, 168–70. 5. Abun-Nasr, “Beylicate,” 71. 6. The Turkish administration retained a few members of the Maliki “ulama” body as kuttab (clerks). See Kologlu, “Réforme de l’état alla Turca,” 38–39. 7. Ibid. 8. For studies of this system of slavery, see Bachrouch, Les élites Tunisiennes, 121–284. 9. See Toledano, “Imperial Eunuchs of Istanbul,” 379–90; Toledano, Ottoman Slave Trade; Toledano, Slavery and Abolition; and Erdem, Slavery in the Ottoman Empire. 10. Woodford, City of Tunis, 110. 11. Almost every account written in the sixteenth to seventeenth centuries contains references to this subject. For a Tunisian framework of corsairing activities in the Mediterranean during this period, see Bachrouch, “Rachat et libération des esclaves chrétiens à Tunis”; Davis, “Counting European Slaves,” 87–124; and Sebag, Tunis. 12. Abun-Nasr, History of the Maghrib, 172; Larguèche, “Mahalla,” 110–11. 13. See Brunschvig, “'Abd,” 31. 14. Abun-Nasr, History of the Maghrib, 132. 15. Bachrouch, “Rachat et libération des esclaves chrétiens à Tunis,” 121–248. 16. Brunschvig, “'Abd,” 31. 17. Ibid. 18. See Kabra, “Patterns of Economic Continuity and Change,” 310. 19. Ibid. 20. See Sebag, Tunis, 145. 21. Abun-Nasr, History of the Maghrib, 170. 22. On this point, see Mantran, “L’évolution des relations entre la Tunisie et l’Empire Ottomane,” 323–26. 23. Abun-Nasr, “Beylicate,” 71. 24. See Larguéche, “Mahalla,” 110. Notes to Pages 16–21 · 165 25. For more information on these strategies, see Dakhlia, Le divan des rois. 26. Woodford, City of Tunis, 109. 27. Abun-Nasr, “Beylicate,” 75. 28. Pellegrin, Le vieux Tunis, 23. 29. Woodford, City of Tunis, 109. 30. Abun-Nasr, “Beylicate,” 75. 31. Ibid. 32. Woodford, City of Tunis, 109. 33. Abun-Nasr, History of the Maghrib, 170. 34. Abun-Nasr, “Beylicate,” 75. 35. On the Andalusian immigration, see Latham, “Towards a Study...