Islamist Parties and Political Normalization in the Muslim World

Notes

Notes Introduction: The Emergence and Development of Islamist Political Parties 1. Jillian Schwedler, ‘‘A Paradox of Democracy? Islamist Participation in Elections ,’’ Middle East Report 209 (1998): 25–29; Jillian Schwedler, ‘‘Yemen’s Aborted Opening,’’ Journal of Democracy 13, 4 (October 2002): 48–55; Vickie Langohr, ‘‘Of Islamists and Ballot Boxes: Rethinking the Relationship Between Islamists and Electoral Politics,’’ International Journal of Middle East Studies 33 (2001): 591–610; Daniel Brumberg, ‘‘Islamists and the Politics of Consensus,’’ Journal of Democracy 13, 3 (July 2002): 109–15; Syed Vali Reza Nasr, ‘‘The Rise of Muslim Democracy,’’ Journal of Democracy 16, 2 (April 2005): 13–27; William Case and Chin Tong Liew, ‘‘How Committed Is PAS to Democracy and How Do We Know It?’’ Contemporary Southeast Asia 23, 3 (December 2006): 385–406; Nathan Brown and Amr Hamzawy, ‘‘Islamist Parties : A Boon or a Bane for Democracy?’’ Journal of Democracy 19, 3 (2008): 49–54; Malika Zeghal, Islamism in Morocco (Princeton, N.J.: Markus Wiener, 2008); Ihsan Dagi, ‘‘Turkey’s AKP in Power,’’ Journal of Democracy 19, 3 (2008): 25–30. 2. Carrie Rosefsky Wickham, Mobilizing Islam: Religion, Activism, and Political Change in Egypt (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002); Janine Clarke, ‘‘The Conditions of Islamist Moderation: Unpacking Cross-Ideological Cooperation in Jordan ,’’ International Journal of Middle East Studies 38 (2006): 539–60; Jillian Schwedler. Faith in Moderation: Islamist Parties in Jordan and Yemen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006); R. Quinn Mecham, ‘‘From the Ashes of Virtue, a Promise of Light: The Transformation of Political Islam in Turkey,’’ Third World Quarterly 25, 2 (2004): 339–58; Murat Somer, ‘‘Moderate Islam and Secularist Opposition in Turkey: Implications for the World, Muslims and Secular Democracy,’’ Third World Quarterly 28, 7 (November 2007): 1271–89; Gazme Cavdar, ‘‘Islamist New Thinking in Turkey: A Model for Political Learning?’’ Political Science Quarterly 121, 3 (Fall 2006): 477–97; Mona El-Ghobashy, ‘‘The Metamorphosis of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood,’’ International Journal of Middle East Studies 37 (2005): 373–95; Ihsan Yilmaz, ‘‘Muslim Democrats in Turkey and Egypt: Participatory Politics as a Catalyst,’’ Insight Turkey 11, 2 (April 2009): 93–112; Julie Chernov Hwang, ‘‘When Parties Swing: Islamist Parties and Institutional Moderation in Malaysia and Indonesia,’’ South East Asia Research 18, 4 (December 2010): 635–74. 194 Notes to Pages 8–10 3. Brown and Hamzawy, ‘‘Islamist Parties’’; Schwedler, ‘‘A Paradox of Democracy ?’’; Schwedler, ‘‘Yemen’s Aborted Opening’’; Langohr, ‘‘Of Islamists and Ballot Boxes.’’ 4. Case and Liew, ‘‘How Committed Is PAS to Democracy and How Do We Know It?’’; Joseph Chin Yong Liow, ‘‘Exigency or Expediency? Contextualizing Political Islam and the PAS Challenge in Malaysian Politics. Third World Quarterly 25, 2 (2004): 359–72; Anthony Bubalo, Greg Fealy, and Whit Mason, ‘‘Zealous Democrats: Islamism and Democracy in Egypt, Indonesia and Turkey,’’ Lowy Institute Paper 25, Lowy Institute for International Policy, 2008. 5. Stathis Kalyvas, ‘‘Commitment Problems in Emerging Democracies: The Case of Religious Parties,’’ Comparative Politics 32, 4 (July 2000): 379–99; Schwedler, Faith in Moderation; Clarke, ‘‘The Conditions of Islamist Moderation’’; Carrie Rosefsky Wickham, ‘‘The Path to Moderation: Strategy and Learning in the Formation of Egypt’s Al Wasat Party,’’ Comparative Politics 36, 2 (January 2004): 205–28. 6. Wickham, ‘‘The Path to Moderation’’; Clarke, ‘‘The Conditions of Islamist Moderation’’; Somer, ‘‘Moderate Islam and Secularist Opposition in Turkey’’; Schwedler, Faith in Moderation. 7. El-Ghobashy, ‘‘The Metamorphosis of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood’’; Julie Chernov Hwang, Peaceful Islamist Mobilization in the Muslim World: What Went Right (London: Palgrave, 2009); Mecham ‘‘From the Ashes of Virtue, a Promise of Light’’; Farish Ahmad Noor, ‘‘Blood, Sweat and Jihad: The Radicalization of the Discourse of the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) from the 1980s to the Present,’’ Journal of the Center of Southeast Asian Studies 25, 2 (August 2003): 200–232; J. A. Stacher, ‘‘Post-Islamist Rumblings in Egypt: The Emergence of the Al Wasat Party,’’ Middle East Journal 56, 3 (Summer 2002): 415–32; Yilmaz, ‘‘Muslim Democrats in Turkey and Egypt.’’ 8. Wickham, ‘‘The Path to Moderation,’’ 206. 9. Nasr, ‘‘The Rise of Muslim Democracy.’’ 10. Wickham, ‘‘The Path to Moderation.’’ 11. Mecham ‘‘From the Ashes of Virtue, a Promise of Light’’; Cavdar, ‘‘Islamist New Thinking in Turkey.’’ 12. Somer, ‘‘Moderate Islam and Secularist Opposition in Turkey’’; Mecham ‘‘From the Ashes of Virtue, a Promise of Light.’’ 13. Somer, ‘‘Moderate Islam and Secularist Opposition in Turkey,’’ 1273. 14. Bubalo et al., ‘‘Zealous Democrats’’; Hwang Peaceful Islamist Mobilization in the Muslim World; Liow ‘‘Exigency or Expediency?’’; Joseph Chinyong Liow, Piety and Politics...